Olympiad Maths Prep

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Problem 1856

IMO Shortlist mid-range; USAMO P2/P5
Combinatorics Difficulty 8.8 Prove it IMO 3J, Mock Exam 2 · Taiwan

試求最大的正整數 LL 使得存在正整數數列 a1,a2,,aLa_1, a_2, \dots, a_L 滿足:
(a) 數列中的每一項都小於或等於 220242^{2024}
(b) 不存在連續子數列 ai,ai+1,,aja_i, a_{i+1}, \dots, a_j (其中 1ijL1 \le i \le j \le L) 使得我們可以適當選取 si,si+1,,sj{1,1}s_i, s_{i+1}, \dots, s_j \in \{-1, 1\}
siai+si+1ai+1++sjaj=0. s_i a_i + s_{i+1} a_{i+1} + \dots + s_j a_j = 0.

Determine the maximum positive integer LL such that there exist a sequence a1,a2,,aLa_1, a_2, \dots, a_L of positive integers satisfying:
(a) every term in the sequence is less than or equal to 220242^{2024};
(b) there does NOT exist a consecutive subsequence ai,ai+1,,aja_i, a_{i+1}, \dots, a_j (where 1ijL1 \le i \le j \le L) with a choice of signs si,si+1,,sj{1,1}s_i, s_{i+1}, \dots, s_j \in \{-1, 1\} for which
siai+si+1ai+1++sjaj=0. s_i a_i + s_{i+1} a_{i+1} + \dots + s_j a_j = 0.

This one wants a proof. Work it on paper, read the official solution, then mark yourself honestly — the ladder only means something if the record is true.

Official solution

答案為 2202512^{2025}-1;一般性地, 對於上限 2k2^k, 最大的 L=2k+11L = 2^{k+1}-1

構造:令 v2(x)v_2(x)xx22 的幂,並取 ai=2kv2(i)a_i = 2^{k-v_2(i)}。顯然 ai2ka_i \le 2^k。此外,我們有:

引理:對任意 1ij2k+111 \le i \le j \le 2^{k+1}-1,存在唯一的 ixji \le x \le j 使得 v2(x)=maxiyjv2(y)v_2(x) = \max_{i \le y \le j} v_2(y)

證明:若我們在 xxyy 都取到最大值 vv,表示 x=p×2vx = p \times 2^vy=q×2vy = q \times 2^v,其中 ppqq 為奇數,不失一般性假設 p<qp < q。但如此一來,我們有 p<p+1<qp < p+1 < q,從而 z=(p+1)×2vz = (p+1) \times 2^vxxyy 之間,但 v>0v > 0,與 vv 的最大性矛盾。

現在,對於任意 1ij2k+111 \le i \le j \le 2^{k+1}-1,存在唯一的 ixji \le x \le j 使得 v2(x)v_2(x) 最大。這表示 v2(ax)=kvv_2(a_x) = k-vv2(ay)>kvv_2(a_y) > k-v 對於所有 yxy \ne x 皆成立,從而 v2(sa)=kvv_2(\sum s_\ell a_\ell) = k-v,故不可能為 00

估計:假設 L2k+1L \ge 2^{k+1}。假設 a1,,aLa_1, \dots, a_L 滿足 ai2ka_i \le 2^k。令 b0=0b_0 = 0,並遞迴定義
si={+1if bi10,1if bi11. s_i = \begin{cases} +1 & \text{if } b_{i-1} \le 0, \\ -1 & \text{if } b_{i-1} \ge 1. \end{cases}
bi=bi1+siai. b_i = b_{i-1} + s_i a_i.

現在,考慮數列 b0,b1,,bLb_0, b_1, \dots, b_L。注意到,因 ai2ka_i \le 2^k,若 bi1[2k+1,0]b_{i-1} \in [-2^k+1, 0],則 bi=bi1+ai[2k+1,2k]b_i = b_{i-1}+a_i \in [-2^k+1, 2^k];反之,若 bi1[1,2k]b_{i-1} \in [1, 2^k],則 bi=bi1ai[2k+1,2k]b_i = b_{i-1}-a_i \in [-2^k+1, 2^k]。因此,b0b_0bLb_L 共有 L+12k+1+1L+1 \ge 2^{k+1}+1 項,卻只有 2k+12^{k+1} 個可能值,故存在 1ijL1 \le i \le j \le L 使得 bi1=bjb_{i-1} = b_j,也就是 bjbi1=jsa=0b_j - b_{i-1} = \sum_{\ell \le j} s_\ell a_\ell = 0。故不存在長度大於 2k+112^{k+1}-1 且滿足條件的數列。

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