Olympiad Maths Prep

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Problem 1261

National olympiad, first round
Geometry Difficulty 6.4 Prove it Irska · Ireland

Let ABCABC be a planar triangle. Let λ0\lambda \ge 0. Define the point D(λ)D(\lambda) on the side BCBC so that D(λ)D(\lambda) divides BCBC in the ratio cλ:bλc^\lambda : b^\lambda. Prove that
AD(λ)AD(2λ)iffλ1. |AD(\lambda)| \le |AD(2 - \lambda)| \quad \text{iff} \quad \lambda \ge 1.

This one wants a proof. Work it on paper, read the official solution, then mark yourself honestly — the ladder only means something if the record is true.

Official solution

Let D=D(λ)D = D(\lambda) for a fixed λ\lambda and denote θ=ADB=180CDA\theta = \angle ADB = 180^\circ - \angle CDA. The Cosine Rule for the triangles DAB\triangle DAB and CAD\triangle CAD gives
c2=BD2+AD22BDADcosθb2=DC2+AD2+2DCADcosθ. \begin{aligned} c^2 &= |BD|^2 + |AD|^2 - 2|BD| \cdot |AD| \cos \theta \\ b^2 &= |DC|^2 + |AD|^2 + 2|DC| \cdot |AD| \cos \theta. \end{aligned}
Figure 1
Eliminating cosθ\cos \theta gives
BD2+AD2c22BDAD=b2DC2AD22DCAD \frac{|BD|^2 + |AD|^2 - c^2}{2|BD| \cdot |AD|} = \frac{b^2 - |DC|^2 - |AD|^2}{2|DC| \cdot |AD|}
from which we obtain
AD2=b2BD+c2DCBD+DCBDDC. |AD|^2 = \frac{b^2|BD| + c^2|DC|}{|BD| + |DC|} - |BD| \cdot |DC|.
From BD/DC=cλ/bλ|BD|/|DC| = c^\lambda / b^\lambda and BD+DC=a|BD| + |DC| = a we deduce
BD=cλabλ+cλandDC=bλabλ+cλ. |BD| = c^{\lambda} \frac{a}{b^{\lambda} + c^{\lambda}} \quad \text{and} \quad |DC| = b^{\lambda} \frac{a}{b^{\lambda} + c^{\lambda}}.
Substitution into the previous formula establishes that
AD(λ)2=bλcλ(bλ+cλ)2((b2λ+c2λ)(bλ+cλ)a2). |AD(\lambda)|^2 = \frac{b^{\lambda}c^{\lambda}}{(b^{\lambda} + c^{\lambda})^2} ((b^{2-\lambda} + c^{2-\lambda})(b^{\lambda} + c^{\lambda}) - a^2).
Hence
AD(λ)2AD(2λ)2=bλcλ(bλ+cλ)2(b2λ+c2λ)2b2λc2λ, \frac{|AD(\lambda)|^2}{|AD(2-\lambda)|^2} = \frac{b^{\lambda}c^{\lambda}}{(b^{\lambda} + c^{\lambda})^2} \frac{(b^{2-\lambda} + c^{2-\lambda})^2}{b^{2-\lambda}c^{2-\lambda}},
so that
AD(λ)AD(2λ)=bλ1cλ1(b2λ+c2λ)bλ+cλ=tλ1(t2λ+1)tλ+1, \frac{|AD(\lambda)|}{|AD(2-\lambda)|} = \frac{b^{\lambda-1}c^{\lambda-1}(b^{2-\lambda} + c^{2-\lambda})}{b^{\lambda} + c^{\lambda}} = \frac{t^{\lambda-1}(t^{2-\lambda} + 1)}{t^{\lambda} + 1},
where t=b/ct = b/c. Hence AD(λ)AD(2λ)|AD(\lambda)| \le |AD(2 - \lambda)| iff
t+tλ1tλ+1 t + t^{\lambda-1} \le t^{\lambda} + 1
equivalently iff
01t+tλ1(t1)=(1t)(1tλ1) 0 \le 1 - t + t^{\lambda-1}(t-1) = (1-t)(1-t^{\lambda-1})
which holds for t>0t > 0 iff λ1\lambda \ge 1.

Source: MathNet, licensed CC-BY-4.0. Statement and solution reproduced as published; topic, difficulty and ordering added by this site.