Olympiad Maths Prep

Track / Stage 6 / 342 of 400 #1342 of 2000

Problem 1342

National olympiad, first round
Algebra Difficulty 6.7 Find the answer

Define the determinant D1D_1 = 1|1|, the determinant D2D_2 =
11|1 1|
13|1 3|
, and the determinant D3=D_3=
|1 1 1|
|1 3 3|
|1 3 5|
.
In general, for positive integer n, let the determinant DnD_n have 1s in every position of its first row and first
column, 3s in the remaining positions of the second row and second column, 5s in the remaining positions of the third row and third column, and so forth. Find the least n so that DnD_n \geq 2015.

Official solution

1. We start by defining the determinant Dn D_n as described in the problem. For example, D1=1 D_1 = |1| , D2=1113 D_2 = \begin{vmatrix} 1 & 1 \\ 1 & 3 \end{vmatrix} , and D3=111133135 D_3 = \begin{vmatrix} 1 & 1 & 1 \\ 1 & 3 & 3 \\ 1 & 3 & 5 \end{vmatrix} .

2. To simplify the calculation of Dn D_n , we perform row operations. Specifically, we subtract the first row from all subsequent rows. This operation does not change the determinant of the matrix.

3. After subtracting the first row from all other rows, the matrix Dn D_n transforms into an upper triangular matrix. The first row remains as [1,1,1,,1] [1, 1, 1, \ldots, 1] , and the remaining rows will have the form [0,2,2,,2] [0, 2, 2, \ldots, 2] , [0,0,2,,2] [0, 0, 2, \ldots, 2] , and so on.

4. Next, we subtract the second row from all rows below it, then the third row from all rows below it, and so forth. This results in a matrix where the diagonal entries are all 2s, and all entries above the diagonal are also 2s.

5. The resulting matrix is an upper triangular matrix with 1s in the first row and 2s on and above the diagonal in all other rows. The determinant of an upper triangular matrix is the product of its diagonal entries.

6. Therefore, the determinant Dn D_n is given by:
Dn=2n1 D_n = 2^{n-1}

7. We need to find the smallest n n such that Dn2015 D_n \geq 2015 . Thus, we solve the inequality:
2n12015 2^{n-1} \geq 2015

8. Taking the logarithm (base 2) of both sides, we get:
n1log2(2015) n-1 \geq \log_2(2015)

9. Using a calculator, we find:
log2(2015)10.97 \log_2(2015) \approx 10.97

10. Therefore:
n110.97    n11.97 n - 1 \geq 10.97 \implies n \geq 11.97

11. Since n n must be an integer, we round up to the nearest whole number:
n12 n \geq 12

Conclusion:
The least n n such that Dn2015 D_n \geq 2015 is 12 \boxed{12} .

Source: NuminaMath-1.5, licensed Apache-2.0. Statement and solution reproduced as published; topic, difficulty and ordering added by this site.