Olympiad Maths Prep

Track / Stage 7 / 245 of 300 #1645 of 2000

Problem 1645

National olympiad second round; IMO P1/P4
Geometry Difficulty 7.5 Find the answer

A triangle KLMKLM is given in the plane together with a point AA lying on the half-line opposite to KLKL. Construct a rectangle ABCDABCD whose vertices B,CB, C and DD lie on the lines KM,KLKM, KL and LMLM, respectively. (We allow the rectangle to be a square.)

Official solution

1. Coordinate System Setup:
- Place the coordinate origin at point A A and align the positive x-axis along the ray AK AK .
- Let K=(k,0) K = (k, 0) and κ=tanMKL \kappa = \tan \measuredangle MKL . The equation of the line MK MK is y=κ(xk) y = \kappa(x - k) .

2. **Point B B on Line MK MK **:
- Let B B be an arbitrary point on MK MK , so B=(xB,yB) B = (x_B, y_B) where yB=κ(xBk) y_B = \kappa(x_B - k) .

3. Circle Center and Radius:
- The perpendicular bisector of segment [AB] [AB] intersects AK AK at the center O O of the circle with radius [OA]=[OB] [OA] = [OB] .
- The line BO BO intersects the circle again at point D=(xD,yD) D = (x_D, y_D) , where yD=yB=κ(xBk) y_D = -y_B = -\kappa(x_B - k) .

4. **Power of Point B0 B_0 **:
- Let B0 B_0 be the perpendicular projection of B B on AK AK . The power of B0 B_0 to the circle is given by:
xBxD=yByD=yD2 -x_B \cdot x_D = y_B \cdot y_D = -y_D^2

5. **Equation of Locus D \mathcal{D} **:
- Eliminate the arbitrary parameter xB x_B to find the equation of the locus D \mathcal{D} of D D :
yD2xD=xB=yDκ+k    h(x,y)=y2+xyκkx=0 \frac{y_D^2}{x_D} = x_B = -\frac{y_D}{\kappa} + k \implies h(x, y) = y^2 + \frac{xy}{\kappa} - kx = 0
- This is the general equation of a conic section ax2+bxy+cy2+dx+ey+f=0 ax^2 + bxy + cy^2 + dx + ey + f = 0 with a=e=f=0 a = e = f = 0 . Since b24ac=1κ2>0 b^2 - 4ac = \frac{1}{\kappa^2} > 0 , it is a hyperbola.

6. Asymptotes of the Hyperbola:
- The slopes of the asymptotes u u and v v are obtained by factoring the first three terms:
ax2+bxy+cy2=y2+xyκ=y(y+xκ)=0 ax^2 + bxy + cy^2 = y^2 + \frac{xy}{\kappa} = y \left(y + \frac{x}{\kappa}\right) = 0
- The slopes are 0 0 and 1κ -\frac{1}{\kappa} . Thus, one asymptote uAK u \parallel AK and the other vMK v \perp MK .

7. Equations of Asymptotes:
- Let the equations of the asymptotes be y=p y = p and y=xκ+q y = -\frac{x}{\kappa} + q . For any (x,y)uv (x, y) \in u \cup v :
0=(yp)(y+xκq)=h(x,y)(pκk)x(p+q)y+pq 0 = (y - p) \left(y + \frac{x}{\kappa} - q\right) = h(x, y) - \left(\frac{p}{\kappa} - k\right)x - (p + q)y + pq
- Since h(x,y)=const h(x, y) = \text{const} , we have h(x,y)=pq h(x, y) = -pq and p=κk p = \kappa k , q=p=κk q = -p = -\kappa k .

8. Intersection Points and Tangents:
- Let MK MK cut the y-axis at Q Q and let P P be the reflection of Q Q in A A . The asymptote uAK u \parallel AK passes through P P and vMK v \perp MK passes through Q Q .
- Since the absolute term of the hyperbola equation is 0 0 , AD A \in \mathcal{D} . Since A A is the midpoint of [PQ] [PQ] , PQ PQ is tangent to D \mathcal{D} at A A .

9. Hyperbola Center and Major Axis:
- The intersection Xuv X \equiv u \cap v is the hyperbola center. The internal bisector w w of PXQ \measuredangle PXQ is the hyperbola major axis line.
- Let E E and F F be the hyperbola foci, which need to be constructed.

10. Construction of Foci:
- The hyperbola tangent PAQ PAQ , bisecting FAE \measuredangle FAE , intersects the perpendicular bisector of [EF] [EF] through X X at S S .
- The circumcircle (Y) (Y) of AEF \triangle AEF , centered on XS XS and passing through A A and S S , intersects the hyperbola major axis line w w at the hyperbola foci E E and F F .

11. Hyperbola Vertices:
- The perpendicular projection E0 E_0 of the focus E E on the hyperbola tangent PQ PQ lies on the hyperbola pedal circle (X) (X) , which intersects the hyperbola major axis line w w at the hyperbola vertices U U and V V .

12. Circle Construction:
- Let (E) (E) be a circle centered at E E with radius [UV] [UV] . Let F F' be the reflection of F F in LM LM .
- The two circles (D1) (D_1) and (D2) (D_2) through F F and F F' , and externally tangent to (E) (E) at T1 T_1 and T2 T_2 , are centered on the line LM LM .

13. Intersection Points:
- Since [D1E][D1F]=[D1E][D1T1]=[T1E]=[UV] [D_1E] - [D_1F] = [D_1E] - [D_1T_1] = [T_1E] = [UV] and similarly, [D2E][D2F]=[UV] [D_2E] - [D_2F] = [UV] , D1 D_1 and D2D D_2 \in \mathcal{D} are intersections of the line LM LM and the hyperbola D \mathcal{D} .

14. Radical Axes and Tangents:
- Let (G) (G) be an arbitrary circle through F F and F F' , preferably intersecting (E) (E) at J J and J J' . The radical axes FF FF' and JJ JJ' of circle pairs (D1),(G) (D_1), (G) and (E),(G) (E), (G) meet at the radical center R R of (D1),(E),(G) (D_1), (E), (G) .
- Tangents RT1 RT_1 and RT2 RT_2 of (E) (E) from R R are radical axes of externally tangent circle pairs (D1),(E) (D_1), (E) and (D2),(E) (D_2), (E) . Thus, D1ET1LM D_1 \equiv ET_1 \cap LM and D2ET2LM D_2 \equiv ET_2 \cap LM .

15. Circumcenters of Rectangles:
- The perpendicular bisectors of [AD1] [AD_1] and [AD2] [AD_2] intersect the line AK AK at the circumcenters O1 O_1 and O2 O_2 of rectangles AB1C1D1 AB_1C_1D_1 and AB2C2D2 AB_2C_2D_2 , respectively, providing the two problem solutions.

The final answer is the construction of the rectangles AB1C1D1 \boxed{ AB_1C_1D_1 } and AB2C2D2 AB_2C_2D_2 .

Source: NuminaMath-1.5, licensed Apache-2.0. Statement and solution reproduced as published; topic, difficulty and ordering added by this site.