Olympiad Maths Prep

Track / Stage 6 / 162 of 400 #1162 of 2000

Problem 1162

National olympiad, first round
Number theory Difficulty 6.2 Prove it

Show that there is no natural number greater than 5, for which writing the digits of its decimal representation in reverse order gives exactly its representation in base 6.

This one wants a proof. Work it on paper, read the official solution, then mark yourself honestly — the ladder only means something if the record is true.

Official solution

Let's find such a number. Since the number must be greater than 5, and numbers greater than 5 in base 6 are two-digit numbers, the number we are looking for must be at least two digits. The number in base 10, when its digits are reversed, gives the number in base 6, so the number in base 6 can have at most as many digits as in base 10. However, the largest five-digit number in base 6, 651=77756^5-1=7775, is only a four-digit number in base 10, so it is certain that numbers in base 10 with at least five digits will have more digits in base 6 than in base 10. Therefore, the numbers in the problem can have at most four digits.

Since in base 6 only the digits 0 to 5 are used, the digits in our number can only be these.

Finally, the first digit in the base 10 representation of the number cannot be zero. Let's examine separately the numbers that can be written with two digits, three digits, and four digits.

I. For a two-digit number, let it be ABA B. This is in base 10, and its base 6 representation is BAB A, that is,

10A+B=6B+A9A=5B \begin{gathered} 10 A + B = 6 B + A \\ 9 A = 5 B \end{gathered}

so BB must be divisible by 9. But since B5B \leq 5, BB can only be 0, in which case AA would also be 0, which we have excluded. Therefore, there is no suitable two-digit number.

II. For a three-digit number, ABC10=CBA6A B C_{10} = C B A_{6}, that is,

100A+10B+C=36C+6B+A99A+4B=35C175 \begin{gathered} 100 A + 10 B + C = 36 C + 6 B + A \\ 99 A + 4 B = 35 C \leq 175 \end{gathered}

since C5C \leq 5. Thus, the equality can only hold for A0A \neq 0 when A=1A=1:

99+4B=35C 99 + 4 B = 35 C

BB is a number between 0 and 5, so 35C35 C must be between 99 and 99+20=11999 + 20 = 119. Only 353=10535 \cdot 3 = 105 fits; thus, C=3C=3 and

4B=10599=6 4 B = 105 - 99 = 6

from which BB would not be an integer. Therefore, there is no three-digit number.

III. For a four-digit number, ABCD10=DCBA6A B C D_{10} = D C B A_{6}, that is,

1000A+100B+10C+D=216D+36C+6B+A999A+94B=26C+215D265+2155=1205 \begin{aligned} & 1000 A + 100 B + 10 C + D = 216 D + 36 C + 6 B + A \\ & 999 A + 94 B = 26 C + 215 D \leq 26 \cdot 5 + 215 \cdot 5 = 1205 \end{aligned}

thus the equality can only hold for A=1A=1:

999+94B=26C+215D 999 + 94 B = 26 C + 215 D

Since 999>990=265+2154999 > 990 = 26 \cdot 5 + 215 \cdot 4, and D5D \leq 5, only D=5D=5 can hold:

94B=26C+76<265+76=206 94 B = 26 C + 76 < 26 \cdot 5 + 76 = 206

so B=0,1,2B=0, 1, 2 are the only possibilities.

For B=0B=0, 0=26C+760 = 26 C + 76, which is not possible.

For B=1B=1, 26C=9476=1826 C = 94 - 76 = 18, which is not possible.

For B=2B=2, 26C=18876=11226 C = 188 - 76 = 112, which is not a multiple of 26.

Thus, there is no four-digit number.

As mentioned at the beginning of the solution, the base 6 representation of numbers with more than four digits will have more than four digits, so we have completed the solution.

Source: NuminaMath-1.5, licensed Apache-2.0. Statement and solution reproduced as published; topic, difficulty and ordering added by this site.