Olympiad Maths Prep

Track / Stage 6 / 300 of 400 #1300 of 2000

Problem 1300

National olympiad, first round
Combinatorics Difficulty 6.6 Find the answer

The Miami Heat and the San Antonio Spurs are playing a best-of-five series basketball championship, in which the team that first wins three games wins the whole series. Assume that the probability that the Heat wins a given game is xx (there are no ties). The expected value for the total number of games played can be written as f(x)f(x), with ff a polynomial. Find f(1)f(-1).

Official solution

1. Determine the probabilities for the series lasting 3, 4, and 5 games:

- The probability that the series lasts exactly 3 games:
P(3 games)=x3+(1x)3 P(\text{3 games}) = x^3 + (1-x)^3
This is because either the Heat wins all three games, or the Spurs win all three games.

- The probability that the series lasts exactly 4 games:
P(4 games)=3x3(1x)+3(1x)3x P(\text{4 games}) = 3x^3(1-x) + 3(1-x)^3x
This is because one team wins three games, and the other team wins exactly one game. The factor of 3 accounts for the different positions the single win can occur in the sequence of four games.

- The probability that the series lasts exactly 5 games:
P(5 games)=6x2(1x)2 P(\text{5 games}) = 6x^2(1-x)^2
This is because the first four games must be split 2-2, and then the fifth game determines the winner. The factor of 6 accounts for the different ways to arrange two wins for each team in the first four games.

2. Calculate the expected number of games:

The expected number of games, EE, is given by:
E=3P(3 games)+4P(4 games)+5P(5 games) E = 3 \cdot P(\text{3 games}) + 4 \cdot P(\text{4 games}) + 5 \cdot P(\text{5 games})

Substituting the probabilities:
E=3(x3+(1x)3)+4(3x3(1x)+3(1x)3x)+5(6x2(1x)2) E = 3 \left( x^3 + (1-x)^3 \right) + 4 \left( 3x^3(1-x) + 3(1-x)^3x \right) + 5 \left( 6x^2(1-x)^2 \right)

3. Simplify the expression:

E=3(x3+(1x)3)+12(x3(1x)+(1x)3x)+30x2(1x)2 E = 3 \left( x^3 + (1-x)^3 \right) + 12 \left( x^3(1-x) + (1-x)^3x \right) + 30x^2(1-x)^2

E=3x3+3(1x)3+12x3(1x)+12(1x)3x+30x2(1x)2 E = 3x^3 + 3(1-x)^3 + 12x^3(1-x) + 12(1-x)^3x + 30x^2(1-x)^2

4. **Evaluate f(1)f(-1):**

Substitute x=1x = -1 into the polynomial f(x)f(x):
f(1)=3(1)3+3(1(1))3+12(1)3(1(1))+12(1(1))3(1)+30(1)2(1(1))2 f(-1) = 3(-1)^3 + 3(1-(-1))^3 + 12(-1)^3(1-(-1)) + 12(1-(-1))^3(-1) + 30(-1)^2(1-(-1))^2

Simplify each term:
f(1)=3(1)+3(2)3+12(1)(2)+12(2)3(1)+30(1)(2)2 f(-1) = 3(-1) + 3(2)^3 + 12(-1)(2) + 12(2)^3(-1) + 30(1)(2)^2

f(1)=3+38+12(2)+128(1)+304 f(-1) = -3 + 3 \cdot 8 + 12(-2) + 12 \cdot 8(-1) + 30 \cdot 4

f(1)=3+242496+120 f(-1) = -3 + 24 - 24 - 96 + 120

f(1)=3+242496+120=21 f(-1) = -3 + 24 - 24 - 96 + 120 = 21

The final answer is 21\boxed{21}.

Source: NuminaMath-1.5, licensed Apache-2.0. Statement and solution reproduced as published; topic, difficulty and ordering added by this site.