Olympiad Maths Prep

Track / Stage 7 / 196 of 300 #1596 of 2000

Problem 1596

National olympiad second round; IMO P1/P4
Algebra Difficulty 7.5 Prove it

Let f(x,y,z) f(x,y,z) be the polynomial with integer coefficients. Suppose that for all reals x,y,z x,y,z the following equation holds:
f(x,y,z)\equal\minusf(x,z,y)\equal\minusf(y,x,z)\equal\minusf(z,y,x) f(x,y,z) \equal{} \minus{} f(x,z,y) \equal{} \minus{} f(y,x,z) \equal{} \minus{} f(z,y,x)
Prove that if a,b,cZ a,b,c\in\mathbb{Z} then f(a,b,c) f(a,b,c) takes an even value

This one wants a proof. Work it on paper, read the official solution, then mark yourself honestly — the ladder only means something if the record is true.

Official solution

Given the polynomial f(x,y,z) f(x,y,z) with integer coefficients, we know that for all real numbers x,y,z x, y, z , the following equation holds:
f(x,y,z)=f(x,z,y)=f(y,x,z)=f(z,y,x) f(x,y,z) = -f(x,z,y) = -f(y,x,z) = -f(z,y,x)

We need to prove that if a,b,cZ a, b, c \in \mathbb{Z} , then f(a,b,c) f(a,b,c) takes an even value.

1. Symmetry and Antisymmetry Properties:
From the given conditions, we can derive the following properties:
f(x,y,z)=f(x,z,y) f(x,y,z) = -f(x,z,y)
f(x,y,z)=f(y,x,z) f(x,y,z) = -f(y,x,z)
f(x,y,z)=f(z,y,x) f(x,y,z) = -f(z,y,x)

2. Substitution and Simplification:
Let's substitute specific values to understand the behavior of f f :
- Set x=y=m x = y = m and z=n z = n :
f(m,m,n)=f(m,n,m)=f(n,m,m) f(m,m,n) = -f(m,n,m) = -f(n,m,m)
Since f(m,m,n)=f(m,n,m) f(m,m,n) = -f(m,n,m) and f(m,m,n)=f(n,m,m) f(m,m,n) = -f(n,m,m) , we have:
f(m,m,n)=0 f(m,m,n) = 0
- Set m=n=0 m = n = 0 :
f(0,0,0)=0 f(0,0,0) = 0

3. Generalization to Even and Odd Values:
- For m=0 m = 0 and n=1 n = 1 :
f(0,0,1)=f(0,1,0)=f(1,0,0) f(0,0,1) = -f(0,1,0) = -f(1,0,0)
Since f(0,0,1)=f(0,1,0) f(0,0,1) = -f(0,1,0) and f(0,0,1)=f(1,0,0) f(0,0,1) = -f(1,0,0) , we have:
f(0,0,1)=0 f(0,0,1) = 0
- For m=n=1 m = n = 1 :
f(1,1,1)=f(1,1,1) f(1,1,1) = -f(1,1,1)
This implies:
2f(1,1,1)=0 2f(1,1,1) = 0
f(1,1,1)=0 f(1,1,1) = 0

4. Conclusion for General Integer Values:
- For any integers a,b,c a, b, c :
f(a,b,c)0(mod2) f(a,b,c) \equiv 0 \pmod{2}
This means f(a,b,c) f(a,b,c) is even for all integer values of a,b,c a, b, c .

The final answer is f(a,b,c)0(mod2) \boxed{ f(a,b,c) \equiv 0 \pmod{2} }

Source: NuminaMath-1.5, licensed Apache-2.0. Statement and solution reproduced as published; topic, difficulty and ordering added by this site.