Olympiad Maths Prep

Track / Stage 5 / 396 of 400 #996 of 2000

Problem 996

AIME late
Geometry Difficulty 6.0 Prove it

320. Prove that it is impossible to place three arcs of great circles, each 300300^{\circ} long, on a sphere such that no two of them have any points in common.

This one wants a proof. Work it on paper, read the official solution, then mark yourself honestly — the ladder only means something if the record is true.

Official solution

320. Suppose the opposite. Let the planes in which the arcs are located intersect pairwise on the surface of the sphere at points AA and A1,BA_{1}, B and B1,CB_{1}, C and C1C_{1} (Fig. 65). Since each arc is greater than 180180^{\circ}, it must contain at least one of any two opposite points of the circle on which it is located.

!

Fig. 65. Let us label these arcs according to the planes in which they are located as I, II, III. AA and A1A_{1} are the points of intersection of planes I and II, BB and B1B_{1} are the points of intersection of planes II and III, and CC and C1C_{1} are the points of intersection of planes III and I. Each of the points A,A1,B,B1,C,C1A, A_{1}, B, B_{1}, C, C_{1} must belong to one arc. Suppose A1A_{1} and C1C_{1} belong to arc I, B1B_{1} belongs to arc II. Then BB and CC must belong to arc III, and AA must belong to arc II. Let α,β,γ\alpha, \beta, \gamma be the plane angles of the trihedral angles as shown in the figure, and OO be the center of the sphere. Since arc I does not contain points AA and CC, the inequality 360β>300360^{\circ} - \beta > 300^{\circ} must hold.

Similarly, since arc II does not contain points BB and A1A_{1}, it must be 180+α>300180^{\circ} + \alpha > 300^{\circ}, and finally, for arc III, we have 360γ>300360^{\circ} - \gamma > 300^{\circ}. Thus, β<60\beta < 60^{\circ}, α<120\alpha < 120^{\circ}, and γ<60\gamma < 60^{\circ}. Therefore, α+β+γ<240\alpha + \beta + \gamma < 240^{\circ}, which is impossible.

Source: NuminaMath-1.5, licensed Apache-2.0. Statement and solution reproduced as published; topic, difficulty and ordering added by this site.