Olympiad Maths Prep

Track / Stage 3 / 162 of 260 #162 of 2000

Problem 162

AMC 10/12, early questions
Combinatorics Difficulty 3.5 Find the answer

Let S\mathcal{S} be the set {1,2,3,,10}\lbrace1,2,3,\ldots,10\rbrace Let nn be the number of sets of two non-empty disjoint subsets of S\mathcal{S}. (Disjoint sets are defined as sets that have no common elements.) Find the remainder obtained when nn is divided by 10001000.

Official solution

Let the two disjoint subsets be AA and BB, and let C=S(A+B)C = S-(A+B). For each iSi \in S, either iAi \in A, iBi \in B, or iCi \in C. So there are 3103^{10} ways to organize the elements of SS into disjoint AA, BB, and CC.
However, there are 2102^{10} ways to organize the elements of SS such that A=A = \emptyset and S=B+CS = B+C, and there are 2102^{10} ways to organize the elements of SS such that B=B = \emptyset and S=A+CS = A+C.
But, the combination such that A=B=A = B = \emptyset and S=CS = C is counted twice.
Thus, there are 3102210+13^{10}-2\cdot2^{10}+1 ordered pairs of sets (A,B)(A,B). But since the question asks for the number of unordered sets {A,B}\{ A,B \}, n=12(3102210+1)=28501501(mod1000)n = \frac{1}{2}(3^{10}-2\cdot2^{10}+1) = 28501 \equiv \boxed{501} \pmod{1000}.

Source: NuminaMath-1.5, licensed Apache-2.0. Statement and solution reproduced as published; topic, difficulty and ordering added by this site.