Olympiad Maths Prep

Track / Stage 5 / 362 of 400 #962 of 2000

Problem 962

AIME late
Combinatorics Difficulty 5.9 Prove it

3. The participants of this year's MMO "good" are arranged in nn columns (an arrangement by columns is "good" if no acquaintances appear in the same column), but this cannot be achieved with fewer than nn columns. Show that there exist participants M1,M2,,MnM_{1}, M_{2}, \ldots, M_{n} such that the following holds:

(1) MiM_{i} is in the ii-th column, for each i=1,2,,ni=1,2, \ldots, n;

(2) MiM_{i} is an acquaintance of Mi+1M_{i+1}, for each i=1,2,,n1i=1,2, \ldots, n-1.

This one wants a proof. Work it on paper, read the official solution, then mark yourself honestly — the ladder only means something if the record is true.

Official solution

Solution. We will not perform redistributions by columns. First, from the second column, we move to the first column every competitor who does not have an acquaintance in the first column. The new arrangement is good, so at least one competitor remains in the second column. Now, from the third column, we move to the second column every competitor who does not have an acquaintance among the remaining in the second column. The new arrangement is again good, so at least one competitor remains in the third column, etc. Finally, from the nn-th column, we move to the (n1)(n-1)-th column every competitor who does not have an acquaintance among the remaining in the (n1)(n-1)-th column. The obtained arrangement is again good, so at least one competitor remains in the nn-th column. We denote one such by MnM_{n}. There must be an acquaintance Mn1M_{n-1} of MnM_{n} in the (n1)(n-1)-th column. Let us note that Mn1M_{n-1} has not been moved (otherwise, the initial arrangement would not be good). Therefore, Mn1M_{n-1} has an acquaintance Mn2M_{n-2} in the (n2)(n-2)-th column. Analogously, we conclude that Mn2M_{n-2} has not been moved, etc. In this way, competitors M1,M2,,MnM_{1}, M_{2}, \ldots, M_{n} are found for whom conditions (1) and (2) hold.

Source: NuminaMath-1.5, licensed Apache-2.0. Statement and solution reproduced as published; topic, difficulty and ordering added by this site.