Olympiad Maths Prep

Track / Stage 8 / 68 of 180 #1768 of 2000

Problem 1768

IMO Shortlist mid-range; USAMO P2/P5
Combinatorics Difficulty 8.3 Find the answer imo_shortlist

For any integer n2n\geq 2, let N(n)N(n) be the maxima number of triples (ai,bi,ci)(a_i, b_i, c_i), i=1,,N(n)i=1, \ldots, N(n), consisting of nonnegative integers aia_i, bib_i and cic_i such that the following two conditions are satisfied:
[list][*] ai+bi+ci=na_i+b_i+c_i=n for all i=1,,N(n)i=1, \ldots, N(n),
[*] If iji\neq j then aiaja_i\neq a_j, bibjb_i\neq b_j and cicjc_i\neq c_j[/list]
Determine N(n)N(n) for all n2n\geq 2.

[i]

Official solution

To determine N(n) N(n) , the maximum number of triples (ai,bi,ci)(a_i, b_i, c_i) where each ai,bi,ci a_i, b_i, c_i are nonnegative integers satisfying the conditions:

1. ai+bi+ci=n a_i + b_i + c_i = n for all i=1,,N(n) i = 1, \ldots, N(n) ,
2. If ij i \neq j then aiaj a_i \neq a_j , bibj b_i \neq b_j , and cicj c_i \neq c_j ,

we proceed as follows:

Consider the equation ai+bi+ci=n a_i + b_i + c_i = n . Our goal is to ensure that no two triples have a common value in the same position. Given that ai,bi,ci a_i, b_i, c_i are integers such that their sum is fixed at n n , each value can be exchanged among the positions a,b, a, b, and c c .

Let's analyze the space of possibilities:

- For a fixed integer value for a a (say a=k a = k such that 0kn 0 \leq k \leq n ), the remaining sum b+c=nk b + c = n - k determines the pair (b,c)(b, c).
- Similarly, for each b=k b = k or c=k c = k , the remaining variable values are also completely determined.

The triangle drawn by (a,b,c) (a, b, c) for a+b+c=n a + b + c = n forms a discrete equilateral triangle in 3D space. The unique constraint for triples translates into covering a maximal sub-triangle without any same row, column, or diagonal overlap occurring.

The problem can be transformed into finding independent points in the region described by a+b+c=n a + b + c = n . The number of such non-repeating triples depends upon the nature of the division of n n into these sums, which is maximized when evenly divided.

By symmetry and exhaustive checking, the optimal distribution (partitioning) maximizes such sums by effectively using as much of the dimension n n across a,b, a, b, and c c as possible:

- The largest number occurs when the sum n n is fairly allocated among the three parts.

Let us examine an invariant partition for sufficiently large n n by division into sections approximately equal, yielding:
abcn3. a \approx b \approx c \approx \frac{n}{3}.

Considering adjustments for integer sizes and avoiding overlaps, the resultant number of possible, unique such assignments corresponds to dividing all places among 3, hence, the floor operation:
N(n)=2n3+1. N(n) = \left\lfloor \frac{2n}{3} \right\rfloor + 1.

Thus, the maximum number of triples satisfying the conditions is:
2n3+1. \boxed{\left\lfloor \frac{2n}{3} \right\rfloor + 1}.

Source: Omni-MATH, licensed Apache-2.0. Statement and solution reproduced as published; topic, difficulty and ordering added by this site.