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CEMC Galois, 2026

Number theory Difficulty 2.0 Junior Prove it Canada

A prime number is a positive integer greater than 11 whose only positive divisors are 11 and itself. For example, 22 is a prime number since it is greater
than 11 and its only positive
divisors are 11 and 22.

What is the product of the three smallest
prime numbers?
There are two integers cc with 1≤c≤201\leq c\leq 20 for which c−34\dfrac{c-3}{4} is a prime number. What
are these two possible values of the integer cc?
Determine all integers dd with 1≤d≤101\leq d\leq 10 for which 21d−7721d-77
is a prime number.

Solution

The three smallest prime numbers are 22, 33
and 55. Their product is 2×3×5=302\times3\times5=30.
Each prime number is a positive integer, and so c−34\dfrac{c-3}{4} cannot be a prime number
unless c gt;3\text{c gt;3}.

The value of c−34\dfrac{c-3}{4} is an
integer exactly when c−3c-3 is
divisible by 44.

The values of cc for which 4≤c≤204\leq c\leq 20 and c−3c-3 is divisible by 44 are 77, 1111, 1515, and 1919.

When cc is equal to 77 and 1919, the values of c−34\dfrac{c-3}{4} are 11 and 44, respectively. Each of these is not a
prime number.

When c=11c=11, the value of expression
is 11−34=2\dfrac{11-3}{4}=2, which is a
prime number.

When c=15c=15, the value of expression
is 15−34=3\dfrac{15-3}{4}=3, which is a
prime number.

Thus, the two possible values of the integer cc are 1111 and 1515.
Factoring the given expression, we get 21d−77=7(3d−11)21d-77=7(3d-11).

For all integers dd, the value of
3d−113d-11 is equal to an integer, and
so 7(3d−11)7(3d-11) is the product of two
integers, 77 and 3d−113d-11.

A prime number is positive and cannot be written as a product of two
integers both greater than 11, so
3d−11=13d-11=1.

If 3d−11=13d-11=1, then 3d=123d=12, and so d=4d=4.

The only integer dd with 1≤d≤101\leq d \leq10 for which 21d−7721d-77 is a prime number is d=4d=4, and the prime number is 21(4)−77=721(4)-77=7.

We can confirm that if d lt;4\text{d lt;4},
3d−113d-11 is negative and so 7(3d−11)7(3d-11) is not prime. Further, if d gt;4\text{d gt;4}, 3d−11≥3(5)−11=43d-11\geq3(5)-11=4 and so 7(3d−11)7(3d-11) is the product of two integers,
both greater than 11, and thus is
also not prime.

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Source: CEMC, University of Waterloo, licensed CC-BY-NC-4.0. Statement reproduced verbatim; metadata (topic, difficulty) added by this project.