Maths Olympiad Prep

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, 2016

Geometry Difficulty 2.1 Junior Prove it Canada

If a line segment is drawn from the centre of a circle to the midpoint of a chord, it is perpendicular to that chord. For example, in Figure 1, OMOM is perpendicular to chord ABAB.

If a line segment is drawn from the centre of a circle and is perpendicular to a chord, it passes through the midpoint of that chord. For example, in Figure 2, PR=QRPR=QR.

In the diagram, a circle with radius 13 has a chord ABAB with length 10.

If MM is the midpoint of ABAB, what is the length of OMOM?

In a circle with radius 25, a chord is drawn so that its perpendicular distance from the centre of the circle is 7. What is the length of this chord?
In the diagram, the radius of the circle is 65. Two parallel chords STST and UVUV are drawn so that the perpendicular distance between the chords is 72 (MN=72MN=72).

If MNMN passes through the centre of the circle OO, and STST has length 112, determine the length of UVUV.

Solution

Since MM is the midpoint of chord ABAB, then AM=12(AB)=5AM=\frac12(AB)=5.

Also, since MM is the midpoint of chord ABAB, then OMOM is perpendicular to ABAB.
Using the Pythagorean Theorem in OMA\triangle OMA, we get OM2=OA2AM2OM^2=OA^2-AM^2or OM2=13252=16925=144OM^2=13^2-5^2=169-25=144, and so OM=144=12OM=\sqrt{144}=12 (since OM>0OM>0).
Let the circle have centre OO and chord PQPQ, as shown.

Since the radius is 25, then OQ=25OQ=25.

The perpendicular distance from OO to the chord is given by OROR, and so OR=7OR=7.
In ORQ\triangle ORQ, the Pythagorean Theorem gives RQ2=OQ2OR2RQ^2=OQ^2-OR^2 or RQ2=25272=62549=576RQ^2=25^2-7^2=625-49=576, and so RQ=576=24RQ=\sqrt{576}=24 (since RQ>0RQ>0).

[[IMAGE0]]

Since OROR is perpendicular to the chord PQPQ, then RR is the midpoint of PQPQ, and so PQ=2(RQ)=2(24)=48PQ=2(RQ)=2(24)=48.
Therefore, the length of the chord is 48.
Join OO to SS and OO to UU, as shown.

The radius of the circle is 65, and so OS=OU=65OS=OU=65.

Since OMOM is perpendicular to chord STST, then MM is the midpoint of the chord and so MS=12(ST)=12(112)=56MS=\frac12(ST)=\frac12(112)=56.

In OMS\triangle OMS, the Pythagorean Theorem gives OM2=OS2MS2OM^2=OS^2-MS^2 or OM2=652562=42253136=1089OM^2=65^2-56^2=4225-3136=1089, and so OM=1089=33OM=\sqrt{1089}=33 (since OM>0OM>0).

Since MN=OM+ON=72MN=OM+ON=72, then ON=72OM=7233=39ON=72-OM=72-33=39.
In ONU\triangle ONU, the Pythagorean Theorem gives NU2=OU2ON2NU^2=OU^2-ON^2

[[IMAGE1]]

or NU2=652392=42251521=2704NU^2=65^2-39^2=4225-1521=2704, and so NU=2704=52NU=\sqrt{2704}=52 (since NU>0NU>0). Finally, since ONON is perpendicular to chord UVUV, then NN is the midpoint of the chord and so UV=2(NU)=2(52)=104UV=2(NU)=2(52)=104.

Therefore, the length of the chord UVUV is 104.

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Source: CEMC, University of Waterloo, licensed CC-BY-NC-4.0. Statement reproduced verbatim; metadata (topic, difficulty) added by this project.