Maths Olympiad Prep

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CEMC Pascal, 2020

Combinatorics Difficulty 4.8 AIME Find the answer Canada

Ali, Bea, Che, and Deb compete in a checkers tournament. Each player plays each other player exactly once. At the end of each game, either the two players tie or one player wins and the other player loses. A player earns 5 points for a win, 0 points for a loss, and 2 points for a tie. Exactly how many of the following final point distributions are possible?

PlayerPoints
Ali15
Bea7
Che4
Deb2

PlayerPoints
Ali10
Bea10
Che4
Deb4

PlayerPoints
Ali15
Bea5
Che5
Deb2

PlayerPoints
Ali12
Bea10
Che5
Deb0

00
11
22
33
44

A number or a short expression. Fractions can be typed as 3/2, and spacing doesn't matter.

Solution

Since there are 4 players in the tournament and each player plays each other player once, then each player plays 3 games.

Since each win earns 5 points and each tie earns 2 points, the possible results for an individual player are:

3 wins, 0 losses, 0 ties: 15 points
2 wins, 0 losses, 1 tie: 12 points
2 wins, 1 loss, 0 ties: 10 points
1 win, 0 losses, 2 ties: 9 points
1 win, 1 loss, 1 tie: 7 points
1 win, 2 losses, 0 ties: 5 points
0 wins, 0 losses, 3 ties: 6 points
0 wins, 1 loss, 2 ties: 4 points
0 wins, 2 losses, 1 tie: 2 points
0 wins, 3 losses, 0 ties: 0 points

In the third table given, Deb has 2 points which means that Deb had 1 tie. If one player has a tie, then another player must also have a tie. But neither 15 points nor 5 points is a possible total to obtain with a tie. Therefore, the third table is not possible.

Similarly, in the fourth table, Ali with 12 points must have had a tie, but none of the other players’ scores allow for have a tie, so the fourth table is not possible.

In the second table, each of Che and Deb must have 2 ties and neither Ali nor Bea can have a tie because of their totals of 10 points each. Since Che and Deb only played each other once, then each of them must have a tie against another player, which is not possible. Therefore, the second table is not possible.

The first table is possible:

ResultAliBeaCheDeb
Ali wins against Bea5 points0 points
Ali wins against Che5 points0 points
Ali wins against Deb5 points0 points
Bea ties Che2 points2 points
Bea wins against Deb5 points0 points
Che ties Deb2 points2 points
TOTAL15 points7 points4 points2 points

Therefore, exactly one of the four given final point distributions is possible.

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Source: CEMC, University of Waterloo, licensed CC-BY-NC-4.0. Statement reproduced verbatim; metadata (topic, difficulty) added by this project.