Maths Olympiad Prep

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Combinatorics Difficulty 4.8 AIME Find the answer Canada

The three-dimensional figure represented below on the left has 8
triangular faces and is called an octahedron. A number is written on
each face. The number on each face is equal to the sum of the numbers on
the faces that share an edge with that face. Irina unfolded the
octahedron and erased the numbers on five of its faces, giving the net
shown below on the right.

     

What number did Irina erase from the face labelled xx?

A number or a short expression. Fractions can be typed as 3/2, and spacing doesn't matter.

Solution

Label the remaining faces using the variables vv, ww, yy, and zz, as shown in the diagram below.

[[IMAGE0]]

The faces that share an edge with the face labelled by zz have values of 20-20, 56-56, and 00.

By the condition on the integers labelling the faces, we get z=2056+0=76z=-20-56+0=-76.

Now consider the face labelled by 56-56. The faces with which it shares an
edge have labels yy, zz, and vv, and so 56=y+z+v-56=y+z+v.

Since z=76z=-76, we get the equation
56=y76+v-56=y-76+v or v+y=20v+y=20.

Next, consider the face labelled with 00. The faces with which it shares an edge
have labels xx, yy, and zz. Therefore, 0=x+y+z0=x+y+z, and since z=76z=-76, we get x+y=76x+y=76.

Finally, consider the face labelled with 20-20. The faces with which it shares an
edge have labels vv, xx, and zz. Therefore, 20=v+x+z-20=v+x+z, and since z=76z=-76, we get v+x=56v+x=56.

We have now derived the following three equations: v+y=20x+y=76v+x=56\begin{align*} v +y &= 20 \\ x+y &= 76 \\ v+x &= 56\end{align*} Adding these three equations gives
(v+y)+(x+y)+(v+x)=20+76+56(v+y)+(x+y)+(v+x)=20+76+56 or 2(v+x+y)=1522(v+x+y)=152.

Dividing by two, we get $v+x+y =
76$.

Using that v+y=20v+y=20, we can subtract
from v+x+y=76v+x+y=76 to get (v+x+y)(v+y)=7620(v+x+y)-(v+y) = 76-20 or x=56x=56.

We will stop here since the question only asked for the value of xx, but it is possible show that v=0v=0, w=76w=76, y=20y=20, and z=76z=-76.

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Source: CEMC, University of Waterloo, licensed CC-BY-NC-4.0. Statement reproduced verbatim; metadata (topic, difficulty) added by this project.