Maths Olympiad Prep

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Number theory Difficulty 5.0 AIME, harder Prove it United States

Problem:

Prove that every power of 33, from 2727 onward, has an even tens digit.

Solution

Solution:

By repeatedly multiplying by 33, we see that the units digits of powers of 33 are either 33, 99, 77, or 11. Suppose that NN is a power of 33 with an even tens digit; we will prove that the tens digit of 3N3N is also even, from which it will follow inductively that every power of 33 from 2727 onward has an even tens digit.

If NN ends in 11 or 33, then when NN is tripled, there will be no carrying from the units place to the tens place. Then the tens digit of 3N3N will arise from tripling the tens digit of NN and hence will be even.

If NN ends in 77 or 99, then there will be a carry of 22 from the units place to the tens place. The tens digit of 3N3N will arise from tripling the tens digit of NN and hence will still be even.

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Source: MathNet, licensed CC-BY-4.0. Statement reproduced verbatim; metadata (topic, difficulty) added by this project.