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Number theory Difficulty 5.6 AIME, harder Prove it Croatia

Are there integers aa and bb such that both a+ba + b and ab1ab - 1 are perfect squares?

Solution

Let us assume there are integers aa, bb, MM and NN such that a+b=M2a + b = M^2 and ab1=N2ab - 1 = N^2.

First case: The numbers aa and bb are even.
From ab=N2+1a \cdot b = N^2 + 1 we conclude that N2+1N^2 + 1 is divisible by 44 which is impossible.

Second case: Exactly one of the numbers aa and bb (say aa) is even.
From ab=N2+1a \cdot b = N^2 + 1 we conclude b=4k+1b = 4k + 1 for some integer kk, because N2+1N^2 + 1 has no divisors of the form 4k+34k + 3 for an integer kk. Also, NN is odd so we can write it in the form N=2l+1N = 2l + 1 for some integer ll. From ab=(2l+1)2+1=4l2+4l+2ab = (2l + 1)^2 + 1 = 4l^2 + 4l + 2 we conclude that a=4m+2a = 4m + 2 for some integer mm. Then a+b=4n+3a + b = 4n + 3, for some integer nn, so it can not be a perfect square. We got a contradiction.

Third case: Both numbers aa and bb are odd.
Then the number MM is even, so M2M^2 is divisible by 44. Hence one of the numbers aa and bb has to have residue 33 when divided by 44. We again got a contradiction since N2+1N^2 + 1 can not have a divisor of the form 4k+34k + 3 for some integer kk.

Since all cases lead to a contradiction we conclude there are no such aa and bb.

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