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Irish Mathematical Olympiad

Algebra Difficulty 5.7 AIME, harder Prove it Ireland

Suppose abc≠0abc \neq 0. Express in terms of aa, bb, and cc, the solutions xx, yy, zz, uu, vv, ww of the equations
x+y=a,z+u=b,v+w=c,ay=bz,bu=cv,cw=ax. x + y = a, \quad z + u = b, \quad v + w = c, \quad ay = bz, \quad bu = cv, \quad cw = ax.

Solution

Label the equations 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 in the order of their appearance. Using equations 3, 6 eliminate ww from the system, thereby adding to equations 1, 2, 4, 5 the equation 7: ax+cv=c2ax + cv = c^2. Next, use this and 5 to eliminate vv to produce equation 8: ax+bu=c2ax + bu = c^2. Eliminate zz from 2, 4 to produce equation 9: ay+bu=b2ay + bu = b^2. Now eliminate uu from equations 8, 9 giving ax−ay=c2−b2ax - ay = c^2 - b^2. Finally, using this in conjunction with 1, we see that
2ax=c2+a2−b2,2ay=a2+b2−c2. 2ax = c^2 + a^2 - b^2, \quad 2ay = a^2 + b^2 - c^2.

And so, using 6 and 4, too,
2cw=c2+a2−b2,2bz=a2+b2−c2. 2cw = c^2 + a^2 - b^2, \quad 2bz = a^2 + b^2 - c^2.
Hence, using equations 2, 5, we get that
2cv=2bu=2b2−2bz=b2+c2−a2. 2cv = 2bu = 2b^2 - 2bz = b^2 + c^2 - a^2.
Thus, letting
α=b2+c2−a22bc,β=c2+a2−b22ca,γ=a2+b2−c22ab, \alpha = \frac{b^2 + c^2 - a^2}{2bc}, \quad \beta = \frac{c^2 + a^2 - b^2}{2ca}, \quad \gamma = \frac{a^2 + b^2 - c^2}{2ab},
we see that
x=cβ,y=bγ,z=aγ,u=cα,v=bα,w=aβ. x = c\beta, \quad y = b\gamma, \quad z = a\gamma, \quad u = c\alpha, \quad v = b\alpha, \quad w = a\beta.

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Source: MathNet, licensed CC-BY-4.0. Statement reproduced verbatim; metadata (topic, difficulty) added by this project.