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Iranian Mathematical Olympiad

Algebra Difficulty 6.6 National Olympiad Prove it Iran

Polynomial x1398+1x^{1398} + 1 is written on the board. Roozbeh and Keyvan play the following game in turns. Starting from Roozbeh, each player in their turn chooses an integer 0≤k≤13980 \le k \le 1398 and adds up xkx^k with the polynomial on the board. Each time after Keyvan's turn, if there exists a real number xx such that the polynomial on the board takes negative value,

Roozbeh wins and Keyvan loses. Otherwise, the game continues. Prove that no matter how Roozbeh plays, Keyvan can play in a way that he never loses.

Solution

Lemma. If 1≤k1<k2<⋯<kt≤n−11 \le k_1 < k_2 < \dots < k_t \le n-1 be natural numbers, then
∀x∈R:x2n+∑i=1t(x2ki+1+x2ki)+1>0. \forall x \in \mathbb{R} : x^{2n} + \sum_{i=1}^{t} (x^{2k_i+1} + x^{2k_i}) + 1 > 0.
Proof. If x>0x > 0, it's trivial. So let's assume that x<0x < 0. If −1≤x<0-1 \le x < 0, we write
x2n+∑i=1t(x2ki+1+x2ki)+1 x^{2n} + \sum_{i=1}^{t} (x^{2k_i+1} + x^{2k_i}) + 1
as
x2n+1+(x+1)∑i=1tx2ki. x^{2n} + 1 + (x+1) \sum_{i=1}^{t} x^{2k_i}.
Since x+1≥0x + 1 \ge 0 and ∑i=1tx2ki≥0\sum_{i=1}^{t} x^{2k_i} \ge 0, we have
x2n+1+(x+1)∑i=1tx2ki>0. x^{2n} + 1 + (x + 1) \sum_{i=1}^{t} x^{2k_i} > 0.
If x<−1x < -1, then x+1<0x + 1 < 0 and x2k+1<x<1x^{2k+1} < x < 1. So, x2n+1(x2k+1+1)>0x^{2n+1}(x^{2k+1} + 1) > 0. Therefore, we can re-write
x1398+∑i=1t(x2ki+1+x2ki)+1 x^{1398} + \sum_{i=1}^{t} (x^{2k_i+1} + x^{2k_i}) + 1
as
(x1398−(2kt+1)+1)x2kt+1+∑i=1t−1x2k1+1(x2ki+1−(2ki+1))+22k1+1 (x^{1398} - (2k_t + 1) + 1) x^{2k_t + 1} + \sum_{i=1}^{t-1} x^{2k_1+1} (x^{2k_{i+1}} - (2k_i + 1)) + 2^{2k_1} + 1
where 1≤k1≤k2≤⋯≤139621 \le k_1 \le k_2 \le \dots \le \frac{1396}{2}. So, it is positive. □\square

Back to the problem. When Roozbeh chooses xkx^k, if kk is an even number, Keyvan should choose xkx^k as well. But, if kk is an odd number, and if coefficient of xkx^k is odd, Keyvan should choose xk−1x^{k-1} and if coefficient of xkx^k is even, Keyvan should play xk+1x^{k+1}. Obviously after Keyvan's move, the polynomial will be in the following form:
x1398∑i=1m(xsi+xsi−1)2+2∑i=1nx2ti+∑i=1l(x2ki+1+x2ki)+1. x^{1398} \sum_{i=1}^{m} (x^{s_i} + x^{s_i-1})^2 + 2 \sum_{i=1}^{n} x^{2t_i} + \sum_{i=1}^{l} (x^{2k_i+1} + x^{2k_i}) + 1.
Where
1≤s1≤s2≤⋯≤sm≤13982, 1 \le s_1 \le s_2 \le \dots \le s_m \le \frac{1398}{2},
0≤t1≤t2≤⋯≤tn≤13982, 0 \le t_1 \le t_2 \le \dots \le t_n \le \frac{1398}{2},
1≤k1<k2<⋯<kl≤1398. 1 \le k_1 < k_2 < \dots < k_l \le 1398.
According to the lemma we proved, the polynomial should be always positive. ■\blacksquare

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