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Combinatorics Difficulty 8.7 Shortlist Prove it Taiwan

Big Brother Joe has a 1×4621 \times 46^2 dogwood board, on which there are 46246^2 unit squares of size 1×11 \times 1, labeled in order from 1 to 46246^2. Big Brother Joe saws this board into NN pieces, each consisting of a number of consecutively-numbered squares, and, without rotating or flipping, arranges these NN pieces of wood into a 46×4646 \times 46 array satisfying the following condition: if the square located in row ii, column jj is labeled aija_{ij}, then aij(i+j1)a_{ij} - (i + j - 1) is divisible by 46. Find the minimum possible value of NN.

Solution

The answer is 91; in general, for a 1×n21 \times n^2 board, the minimum possible value of NN is 2n12n-1.

Construction: Cut the 1×n21 \times n^2 strip into 2n12n-1 pieces of lengths n,1,n,,1,1n, 1, n, \dots, 1, 1. Use the first piece of length nn to form the first row, and so on, forming the lower (n1)×n(n-1) \times n array, and then use all the pieces of length 11 to form the last row. (Remark: this is not the only construction method.)

Estimate: Since the requirement of the problem only concerns the remainder of the labels modulo nn, the following discussion is all carried out under congruence mod nn.

Consider the vertex set V={0,1,,n1}V = \{0, 1, \dots, n-1\}, and connect edges according to the following rule: for each piece of wood sawed out, if the labels of its left and right ends are aa and bb respectively, then connect vertex aa and vertex b+1b+1 by an edge (loops and multiple edges are allowed). Note that the total number of edges equals the number of pieces sawed out, so we only need to prove that, under the conditions of the problem, the resulting edge set EE must have at least 2n12n-1 edges.

Note that the resulting graph G=(V,E)G = (V, E) has the following properties:

1. Since the pieces of wood can be joined together to form the sequence from 1 to n2n^2, GG has an Eulerian circuit.

2. Since the labels of the squares in column kk of the array are k,k+1,,k+n1k, k+1, \dots, k+n-1 in order, all the pieces of wood in column kk of the array correspond to a cycle γk\gamma_k, and γk\gamma_k must contain vertex kk (because the label of the leftmost square of the leftmost piece is kk).

From 1., GG is connected. Moreover, since any two γk\gamma_k share no common edge (because a piece of wood can only appear in one column), if we remove one edge from each γk\gamma_k, the resulting new graph G=(V,E)G' = (V, E') remains connected. This implies EV1=n1|E'| \ge |V| - 1 = n - 1, and hence E=E+n2n1|E| = |E'| + n \ge 2n - 1. This completes the proof.

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Source: MathNet, licensed CC-BY-4.0. Statement translated into English from zh; metadata (topic, difficulty) added by this project.