Maths Olympiad Prep

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, 2015

Algebra Difficulty 5.5 AIME, harder Prove it Saudi Arabia

Let aa, bb, cc be positive real numbers such that a+b+c=1a + b + c = 1. Prove that
2(aba+b+bcb+c+cac+a)+16(ab+bc+ca). 2\left(\frac{a b}{a + b} + \frac{b c}{b + c} + \frac{c a}{c + a}\right) + 1 \geq 6(a b + b c + c a).

Solution

Using the condition a+b+c=1a + b + c = 1, we have
(aba+b+bcb+c+cac+a)=(a+b+c)(aba+b+bcb+c+cac+a)=(ab+bc+ca)+abc(1a+b+1b+c+1c+a)(ab+bc+ca)+9abc2(a+b+c)(ab+bc+ca)+92abc, \begin{aligned} \left(\frac{a b}{a + b} + \frac{b c}{b + c} + \frac{c a}{c + a}\right) &= (a + b + c)\left(\frac{a b}{a + b} + \frac{b c}{b + c} + \frac{c a}{c + a}\right) \\ &= (a b + b c + c a) + a b c\left(\frac{1}{a + b} + \frac{1}{b + c} + \frac{1}{c + a}\right) \\ &\geq (a b + b c + c a) + \frac{9 a b c}{2(a + b + c)} \\ &\geq (a b + b c + c a) + \frac{9}{2} a b c, \end{aligned}
by Cauchy-Schwarz inequality. Therefore, it remains to prove that
9abc+14(ab+bc+ca). 9 a b c + 1 \geq 4(a b + b c + c a).
Using again the condition a+b+c=1a + b + c = 1, the last inequality becomes
9abc+(a+b+c)24(a+b+c)(ab+bc+ca), 9 a b c + (a + b + c)^2 \geq 4(a + b + c)(a b + b c + c a),
which is equivalent, by simple algebraic manipulations, to
9abc+a2+b2+c22(ab+bc+ca) 9 a b c + a^2 + b^2 + c^2 \geq 2(a b + b c + c a)
Using a third time the condition a+b+c=1a + b + c = 1, the obtained inequality becomes
9abc+(a+b+c)(a2+b2+c2)2(a+b+c)(ab+bc+ca) 9 a b c + (a + b + c)(a^2 + b^2 + c^2) \geq 2(a + b + c)(a b + b c + c a)
which is equivalent, by simple algebraic manipulations, to
3abc+a3+b3+c3a2(b+c)+b2(c+a)+c2(a+b). 3 a b c + a^3 + b^3 + c^3 \geq a^2(b + c) + b^2(c + a) + c^2(a + b).
This last inequality is nothing but Schur's inequality. This solves the problem.

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