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Number theory Difficulty 5.5 AIME, harder Prove it North Macedonia

Find all distinct prime numbers pp, qq and rr such that
3p45q44r2=26. 3p^4 - 5q^4 - 4r^2 = 26.

Solution

First notice that if both primes qq and rr differ from 33, then q2r21(mod3)q^2 \equiv r^2 \equiv 1 \pmod{3}, hence the left hand side of the given equation is congruent to zero modulo 33, which is impossible since 2626 is not divisible by 33. Thus, q=3q=3 or r=3r=3. We consider two cases.

Case 1. q=3q=3.
The equation reduces to 3p44r2=4313p^4 - 4r^2 = 431.
If p5p \neq 5, by Fermat's little theorem, p41(mod5)p^4 \equiv 1 \pmod{5}, which yields 34r21(mod5)3 - 4r^2 \equiv 1 \pmod{5}, or equivalently, r2+20(mod5)r^2 + 2 \equiv 0 \pmod{5}. The last congruence is impossible in view of the fact that a residue of a square of a positive integer belongs to the set {0,1,4}\{0, 1, 4\}. Therefore p=5p=5 and r=19r=19.

Case 2. r=3r=3.
The equation becomes 3p45q4=623p^4 - 5q^4 = 62.
Obviously p5p \neq 5. Hence, Fermat's little theorem gives p41(mod5)p^4 \equiv 1 \pmod{5}. But then 5q41(mod5)5q^4 \equiv 1 \pmod{5}, which is impossible.

Hence, the only solution of the given equation is p=5p=5, q=3q=3, r=19r=19.

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