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Combinatorics Difficulty 6.4 National olympiad Prove it Mongolia

a_1, a_2, ..., a_{49} is a permutation of the set {2,3,...,50}\{2, 3, ..., 50\}. Denote S1=a1S_1 = a_1, S2=a1+a2S_2 = a_1 + a_2, ..., S49=a1+a2+...+a49S_{49} = a_1 + a_2 + ... + a_{49}. Find the number of different sequences S1,S2,...,S49S_1, S_2, ..., S_{49} in which no one of SiS_i is divisible by 33.

Solution

Let A0,A1,A2A_0, A_1, A_2 be subsets of {2,3,...,49}\{2, 3, ..., 49\} whose elements give remainder 00, 11, 22 after dividing by 33. Note that A0A1A2={2,3,...,49}A_0 \cup A_1 \cup A_2 = \{2, 3, ..., 49\}. Define a mapping f:{A0,A1,A2}{0,1,2}f : \{A_0, A_1, A_2\} \to \{0, 1, 2\} as follows: if xAix \in A_i then we put x=ix = i. Therefore, to form a sequence with the given condition, it is sufficient to arrange 11's and 22's so the sum of them is not divisible by 33 and in the remaining places put 00's. Since 16+17=3316 + 17 = 33, consider the sequence 2,2,1,2,1,...,2,12, 2, 1, 2, 1, ..., 2, 1 and we need to arrange 1616 00's between them. Observe that S1S_1 is not divisible by 33. Therefore, we don't put 00 in the 11st place. Number of ways putting 00's in the remaining 4848 places is 48!32!16!\frac{48!}{32! \cdot 16!} and number of ways distributing elements of A0A_0 in a chosen place is 16!16!. Thus, by the product principle, number of ways distributing elements of A0A_0 is 48!32!16!16!=48!32!\frac{48!}{32! \cdot 16!} \cdot 16! = \frac{48!}{32!}. In the sequence 2,2,1,2,1,...,2,12, 2, 1, 2, 1, ..., 2, 1 number of ways distributing 11's and 22's is 16!17!16! \cdot 17!. Hence we have 48!32!16!17!\frac{48!}{32!} \cdot 16! \cdot 17!.

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