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China Southeastern Mathematical Olympiad

Algebra Difficulty 5.4 AIME, harder Prove it China

Given real numbers aa, bb, cc such that abc=1abc = 1, prove that for all the integers k≥2k \ge 2,
aka+b+bkb+c+ckc+a≥32. \frac{a^k}{a+b} + \frac{b^k}{b+c} + \frac{c^k}{c+a} \ge \frac{3}{2}.

Solution

Since
aka+b+14(a+b)+12+12+⋯+12⏟k−2≥k⋅ak2kk=k2a, \frac{a^k}{a+b} + \frac{1}{4}(a+b) + \underbrace{\frac{1}{2} + \frac{1}{2} + \dots + \frac{1}{2}}_{k-2} \ge k \cdot \sqrt[k]{\frac{a^k}{2^k}} = \frac{k}{2}a,
then
aka+b≥k2a−14(a+b)−k−22. \frac{a^k}{a+b} \ge \frac{k}{2}a - \frac{1}{4}(a+b) - \frac{k-2}{2}.
Similarly,
bkb+c≥k2b−14(b+c)−k−22, \frac{b^k}{b+c} \ge \frac{k}{2}b - \frac{1}{4}(b+c) - \frac{k-2}{2},
ckc+a≥k2c−14(c+a)−k−22. \frac{c^k}{c+a} \ge \frac{k}{2}c - \frac{1}{4}(c+a) - \frac{k-2}{2}.
Adding the three inequalities above, we obtain
aka+b+bkb+c+ckc+a≥k2(a+b+c)−12(a+b+c)−32(k−2)=k−12(a+b+c)−32(k−2)≥32(k−1)−32(k−2)=32, \begin{aligned} & \frac{a^k}{a+b} + \frac{b^k}{b+c} + \frac{c^k}{c+a} \\ \ge & \frac{k}{2}(a+b+c) - \frac{1}{2}(a+b+c) - \frac{3}{2}(k-2) \\ = & \frac{k-1}{2}(a+b+c) - \frac{3}{2}(k-2) \\ \ge & \frac{3}{2}(k-1) - \frac{3}{2}(k-2) \\ = & \frac{3}{2}, \end{aligned}
as desired.

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Source: MathNet, licensed CC-BY-4.0. Statement reproduced verbatim; metadata (topic, difficulty) added by this project.