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Singapore Mathematical Olympiad (SMO)

Algebra Difficulty 5.7 AIME, harder Prove it Singapore

Let a1,a2,…,ana_1, a_2, \dots, a_n be positive numbers and AA their arithmetic mean. Prove that
An−1≥1n∑i=1na1⋯a^i⋯an,where a^i denotes the term ai is omitted. A^{n-1} \geq \frac{1}{n} \sum_{i=1}^{n} a_1 \cdots \hat{a}_i \cdots a_n, \quad \text{where } \hat{a}_i \text{ denotes the term } a_i \text{ is omitted.}

Solution

We use induction on nn. When n=2n=2, it is an equality. Assume a1≤a2≤⋯≤ana_1 \le a_2 \le \dots \le a_n. Then a1≤A≤ana_1 \le A \le a_n. Let Ao=(a1+⋯+an−1)/(n−1)A_o = (a_1 + \dots + a_{n-1})/(n-1). Then A=Ao+(an−Ao)/nA = A_o + (a_n - A_o)/n and a1≤Ao≤An−1≤ana_1 \le A_o \le A_{n-1} \le a_n. Since an−Ao≥0a_n - A_o \ge 0, we use binomial expansion:
An−1=(Ao+an−Aon)n−1≥Aon−1+(n−1)Aon−2(an−Aon)=n−1nAon−2an+1nAon−1. A^{n-1} = \left(A_o + \frac{a_n - A_o}{n}\right)^{n-1} \ge A_o^{n-1} + (n-1)A_o^{n-2} \left(\frac{a_n - A_o}{n}\right) = \frac{n-1}{n} A_o^{n-2} a_n + \frac{1}{n} A_o^{n-1}.
By induction hypothesis, Aon−2≥1n−1∑i=1n−1ai⋯a^i⋯an−1A_o^{n-2} \ge \frac{1}{n-1} \sum_{i=1}^{n-1} a_i \cdots \hat{a}_i \cdots a_{n-1}.
By AM≥GMAM \ge GM, Aon−1≥a1a2⋯an−1A_o^{n-1} \ge a_1 a_2 \cdots a_{n-1}.
Therefore, An−1≥1n∑i=1n−1ai⋯a^i⋯an−1an+1na1a2⋯an−1=1n∑i=1nai⋯a^i⋯anA^{n-1} \ge \frac{1}{n} \sum_{i=1}^{n-1} a_i \cdots \hat{a}_i \cdots a_{n-1} a_n + \frac{1}{n} a_1 a_2 \cdots a_{n-1} = \frac{1}{n} \sum_{i=1}^{n} a_i \cdots \hat{a}_i \cdots a_n.

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