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Combinatorics Difficulty 8.7 Shortlist Prove it Romania

Given two integers h1h \ge 1 and p2p \ge 2, determine the minimum number of pairs of opponents an hp-member parliament may have, if in every partition of the parliament into h houses of p member each some house contains at least one pair of opponents.

Solution

Letting N(h,p)=(h1)min(p,h/2+1)N(h, p) = (h-1) \cdot \min(p, h/2+1), we now proceed to prove by induction on hh that if the number of edges of a graph on hphp vertices does not exceed N(h,p)N(h, p), then the graph is hh-partite on pp-element classes. The base case h=1h=1 is clear.

Next, let h2h \ge 2 and let G=(V,E)G = (V, E) be a graph on hphp vertices which has at most N(h,p)N(h, p) edges. If necessary, add some extra edges to obtain E=N(h,p)|E| = N(h, p).

Begin by forming a pp-element house V0V_0 of independent vertices v1,,vpv_1, \dots, v_p by the following pp-step greedy algorithm: Start with the empty set, and at step jj choose a vertex vjv_j of maximal degree from the set of vertices joined by an edge to no viv_i, i<ji < j, and different from any of these; this set is nonempty, for if each of the remaining hpj+1hp-j+1 vertices were joined by an edge to some viv_i, i<ji < j, then Ehpj+1hpp+1>N(h,p)|E| \ge hp-j+1 \ge hp-p+1 > N(h, p) — a contradiction. Notice that degv1degv2degvp\deg v_1 \ge \deg v_2 \ge \dots \ge \deg v_p.

Let d=vV0degvd = \sum_{v \in V_0} \deg v, so the subgraph GG' induced by the p(h1)p(h-1) vertices in VV0V \setminus V_0 has exactly N(h,p)dN(h, p) - d edges. If dΔN=N(h,p)N(h1,p)d \ge \Delta N = N(h, p) - N(h-1, p), then GG' is (h1)(h-1)-partite on pp-element classes by the induction hypothesis, and the conclusion follows.

Henceforth, assume
d<ΔN={p,if h2p1,h,if h2p2,() d < \Delta N = \begin{cases} p, & \text{if } h \ge 2p-1, \\ h, & \text{if } h \le 2p-2, \end{cases} \quad (*)
and notice that ΔNh\Delta N \le h in either case, so dh1d \le h-1. Let VV' be the set of all vertices in VV0V \setminus V_0 joined by an edge to some vertex in V0V_0, and notice that Vdh1|V'| \le d \le h-1, and degvdegvp\deg v \le \deg v_p for all vertices vv outside V0VV_0 \cup V'.

If degvp=0\deg v_p = 0, then the vertices outside V0VV_0 \cup V' are all isolated. Since Vdh1|V'| \le d \le h-1, each vertex of VV' may be included in a different pp-element house (other than V0V_0) along with p1p-1 vertices outside V0VV_0 \cup V' each, to obtain V|V'| more pp-element houses. The remaining vertices, if any, are then arbitrarily split into pp-element houses.

Finally, we rule out the case degvp1\deg v_p \ge 1. Suppose, if possible, that degvp1\deg v_p \ge 1. Then degvi1\deg v_i \ge 1, i=1,,pi = 1, \dots, p, and dpd \ge p, so (*) yields ΔN=h\Delta N = h, h2p2h \le 2p-2, and N(h,p)=(h1)(h+2)/2N(h,p) = (h-1)(h+2)/2. Hence pdh12p3p \le d \le h-1 \le 2p-3. The inequality d2p3d \le 2p-3 forces degvp=1\deg v_p = 1, so degv1\deg v \le 1 for all vertices vv outside V0VV_0 \cup V', and
vV(V0V)degvhpV0=p(h1). \sum_{v \in V \setminus (V_0 \cup V')} \deg v \le hp - |V_0| = p(h-1).
Further on, split V=V1VpV' = V_1 \cup \cdots \cup V_p, where VjV_j is the set of all vertices joined by an edge to vjv_j, but to no viv_i, i<ji < j. Notice that Videgvi|V_i| \le \deg v_i, and degvdegvi\deg v \le \deg v_i for all vertices vv in ViV_i. Consequently,
vV0Vdegv=i=1p(degvi+vVidegv)i=1pdegvi(degvi+1)=i=1p(degvi1)2+3dp. \begin{aligned} \sum_{v \in V_0 \cup V'} \deg v &= \sum_{i=1}^{p} \left( \deg v_i + \sum_{v \in V_i} \deg v \right) \le \sum_{i=1}^{p} \deg v_i (\deg v_i + 1) \\ &= \sum_{i=1}^{p} (\deg v_i - 1)^2 + 3d - p. \end{aligned}
Since degvi1\deg v_i \ge 1, i=1,,pi = 1, \dots, p,
i=1p(degvi1)2(i=1p(degvi1))2=(dp)2, \sum_{i=1}^{p} (\deg v_i - 1)^2 \le \left( \sum_{i=1}^{p} (\deg v_i - 1) \right)^2 = (d-p)^2,
so (recalling that dh1d \le h-1)
vV0Vdegv(dp)2+3dp(hp1)2+3(h1)p=(h1)(h+2)+p(p2h+1)=2N(h,p)+p(p2h+1). \begin{aligned} \sum_{v \in V_0 \cup V'} \deg v &\le (d-p)^2 + 3d - p \le (h-p-1)^2 + 3(h-1) - p \\ &= (h-1)(h+2) + p(p-2h+1) = 2N(h,p) + p(p-2h+1). \end{aligned}
Hence, by the preceding,
2N(h,p)=2E=vVdegv=vV0Vdegv+vV(V0V)degv2N(h,p)+p(p2h+1)+p(h1)=2N(h,p)+p(ph)<2N(h,p), \begin{aligned} 2N(h,p) = 2|E| &= \sum_{v \in V} \deg v = \sum_{v \in V_0 \cup V'} \deg v + \sum_{v \in V \setminus (V_0 \cup V')} \deg v \\ &\le 2N(h,p) + p(p-2h+1) + p(h-1) = 2N(h,p) + p(p-h) \\ &< 2N(h,p), \end{aligned}
which is a contradiction. This ends the proof.

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