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Geometry Difficulty 7.9 National Olympiad, round 2 Prove it European Girls' Mathematical Olympiad (EGMO)

Problem:

Let DD and EE be two points on the sides ABAB and ACAC, respectively, of a triangle ABCABC, such that DB=BC=CEDB = BC = CE, and let FF be the point of intersection of the lines CDCD and BEBE. Prove that the incenter II of the triangle ABCABC, the orthocenter HH of the triangle DEFDEF and the midpoint MM of the arcBAC\operatorname{arc} BAC of the circumcircle of the triangle ABCABC are collinear.

Solution

Solution:

As DB=BC=CEDB = BC = CE we have BICDBI \perp CD and CIBECI \perp BE. Hence II is orthocenter of triangle BFCBFC. Let KK be the point of intersection of the lines BIBI and CDCD, and let LL be the point of intersection of the lines CICI and BEBE. Then we have the power relation IBIK=ICILIB \cdot IK = IC \cdot IL. Let UU and VV be the feet of the perpendiculars from DD to EFEF and EE to DFDF, respectively. Now we have the power relation DHHU=EHHVDH \cdot HU = EH \cdot HV.

Figure 1

Let ω1\omega_1 and ω2\omega_2 be the circles with diameters BDBD and CECE, respectively. From the power relations above we conclude that IHIH is the radical axis of the circles ω1\omega_1 and ω2\omega_2.
Let O1O_1 and O2O_2 be centers of ω1\omega_1 and ω2\omega_2, respectively. Then MB=MCMB = MC, BO1=CO2BO_1 = CO_2 and MBO1=MCO2\angle MBO_1 = \angle MCO_2, and the triangles MBO1MBO_1 and MCO2MCO_2 are congruent. Hence MO1=MO2MO_1 = MO_2. Since radii of ω1\omega_1 and ω2\omega_2 are equal, this implies that MM lies on the radical axis of ω1\omega_1 and ω2\omega_2 and M,I,HM, I, H are collinear.

Let the points K,L,U,VK, L, U, V be as in Solution 1. Let PP be the point of intersection of DUDU and EIEI, and let QQ be the point of intersection of EVEV and DIDI.
Since DB=BC=CEDB = BC = CE, the points CICI and BIBI are perpendicular to BEBE and CDCD, respectively. Hence the lines BIBI and EVEV are parallel and IEB=IBE=UEH\angle IEB = \angle IBE = \angle UEH. Similarly, the lines CICI and DUDU are parallel and IDC=ICD=VDH\angle IDC = \angle ICD = \angle VDH. Since UEH=VDH\angle UEH = \angle VDH, the points D,Q,F,P,ED, Q, F, P, E are concyclic. Hence IPIE=IQIDIP \cdot IE = IQ \cdot ID.
Let RR be the second point intersection of the circumcircle of triangle HEPHEP and the line HIHI. As IHIR=IPIE=IQIDIH \cdot IR = IP \cdot IE = IQ \cdot ID, the points D,Q,H,RD, Q, H, R are also concyclic. We have DQH=EPH=DFE=BFC=180BIC=90BAC/2\angle DQH = \angle EPH = \angle DFE = \angle BFC = 180^\circ - \angle BIC = 90^\circ - \angle BAC / 2. Now using the concyclicity of D,Q,H,RD, Q, H, R, and E,P,H,RE, P, H, R we obtain DRH=ERH=180(90BAC/2)=90+BAC/2\angle DRH = \angle ERH = 180^\circ - (90^\circ - \angle BAC / 2) = 90^\circ + \angle BAC / 2. Hence RR is inside the triangle DEHDEH and DRE=360DRHERH=180BAC\angle DRE = 360^\circ - \angle DRH - \angle ERH = 180^\circ - \angle BAC and it follows that the points A,D,R,EA, D, R, E are concyclic.
Figure 2
As MB=MCMB = MC, BD=CEBD = CE, MBD=MCE\angle MBD = \angle MCE, the triangles MBDMBD and MCEMCE are congruent and MDA=MEA\angle MDA = \angle MEA. Hence the points M,D,E,AM, D, E, A are concyclic. Therefore the points M,D,R,E,AM, D, R, E, A are concyclic. Now we have MRE=180MAE=180(90+BAC/2)=90BAC/2\angle MRE = 180^\circ - \angle MAE = 180^\circ - (90^\circ + \angle BAC / 2) = 90^\circ - \angle BAC / 2 and since ERH=90+BAC/2\angle ERH = 90^\circ + \angle BAC / 2, we conclude that the points I,H,R,MI, H, R, M are collinear.

Suppose that we have a coordinate system and (bx,by),(cx,cy),(dx,dy),(ex,ey)(b_x, b_y), (c_x, c_y), (d_x, d_y), (e_x, e_y) are the coordinates of the points B,C,D,EB, C, D, E, respectively. From BICD=0\overrightarrow{BI} \cdot \overrightarrow{CD} = 0, CIBE=0\overrightarrow{CI} \cdot \overrightarrow{BE} = 0, EHCD=0\overrightarrow{EH} \cdot \overrightarrow{CD} = 0, DHBE=0\overrightarrow{DH} \cdot \overrightarrow{BE} = 0 we obtain IH(BCE+D)=0\overrightarrow{IH} \cdot (\vec{B} - \vec{C} - \vec{E} + \vec{D}) = 0. Hence the slope of the line IHIH is (cx+exbxdx)/(by+dycyey)(c_x + e_x - b_x - d_x)/(b_y + d_y - c_y - e_y).
Assume that the xx-axis lies along the line BCBC, and let α=BAC\alpha = \angle BAC, β=ABC\beta = \angle ABC, θ=ACB\theta = \angle ACB. Since DB=BC=CEDB = BC = CE, we have cxbx=BCc_x - b_x = BC, exdx=BCBCcosβBCcosθe_x - d_x = BC - BC \cos \beta - BC \cos \theta, by=cy=0b_y = c_y = 0, dyey=BCsinβBCsinθd_y - e_y = BC \sin \beta - BC \sin \theta. Therefore the slope of IHIH is (2cosβcosθ)/(sinβsinθ)(2 - \cos \beta - \cos \theta)/(\sin \beta - \sin \theta).
Now we will show that the slope of the line MIMI is the same. Let rr and RR be the inradius and circumradius of the triangle ABCABC, respectively. As BMC=BAC=α\angle BMC = \angle BAC = \alpha and BM=MCBM = MC, we have
myiy=BC2cot(α2)r and mxix=ACAB2 m_y - i_y = \frac{BC}{2} \cot \left(\frac{\alpha}{2}\right) - r \text{ and } m_x - i_x = \frac{AC - AB}{2}
where (mx,my)(m_x, m_y) and (ix,iy)(i_x, i_y) are the coordinates of MM and II, respectively. Therefore the slope of MIMI is (BCcot(α/2)2r)/(ACAB)(BC \cot (\alpha / 2) - 2r)/(AC - AB).
Now the equality of these slopes follows using
BCsinα=ACsinβ=ABsinθ=2R \frac{BC}{\sin \alpha} = \frac{AC}{\sin \beta} = \frac{AB}{\sin \theta} = 2R
hence
BCcot(α2)=4Rcos2(α2)=2R(1+cosα) BC \cot \left(\frac{\alpha}{2}\right) = 4R \cos^2 \left(\frac{\alpha}{2}\right) = 2R(1 + \cos \alpha)
and
rR=cosα+cosβ+cosθ1 \frac{r}{R} = \cos \alpha + \cos \beta + \cos \theta - 1
as
BCcot(α/2)2rACAB=2R(1+cosα)2r2R(sinβsinθ)=2cosβcosθsinβsinθ \frac{BC \cot (\alpha / 2) - 2r}{AC - AB} = \frac{2R(1 + \cos \alpha) - 2r}{2R(\sin \beta - \sin \theta)} = \frac{2 - \cos \beta - \cos \theta}{\sin \beta - \sin \theta}
giving the collinearity of the points I,H,MI, H, M.

Let the bisectors BIBI and CICI meet the circumcircle of ABCABC again at PP and QQ, respectively. Let the altitude of DEFDEF belonging to DD meet BIBI at RR and the one belonging to EE meet CICI at SS.
Since BIBI is angle bisector of the isosceles triangle CBDCBD, BIBI and CDCD are perpendicular. Since EHEH and DFDF are also perpendicular, HSHS and RIRI are parallel. Similarly, HRHR and SISI are parallel, and hence HSIRHSIR is a parallelogram.
On the other hand, as MM is the midpoint of the arcBAC\operatorname{arc} BAC, we have MPI=MPB=MQC=MQI\angle MPI = \angle MPB = \angle MQC = \angle MQI, and PIQ=(PA^+CB^+AQ^)/2=(PC^+CB^+BQ^)/2=PMQ\angle PIQ = (\widehat{PA} + \widehat{CB} + \widehat{AQ}) / 2 = (\widehat{PC} + \widehat{CB} + \widehat{BQ}) / 2 = \angle PMQ. Therefore MPIQMPIQ is a parallelogram.
Since CICI is angle bisector of the isosceles triangle BCEBCE, the triangle BSEBSE is also isosceles. Hence FBS=EBS=SEB=HEF=HDF=RDF=FCS\angle FBS = \angle EBS = \angle SEB = \angle HEF = \angle HDF = \angle RDF = \angle FCS and B,S,F,CB, S, F, C are concyclic. Similarly, B,F,R,CB, F, R, C are concyclic. Therefore B,S,R,CB, S, R, C are concyclic. As B,Q,P,CB, Q, P, C are also concyclic, SRSR and QPQP are parallel.
Now it follows that HSIRHSIR and MQIPMQIP are homothetic parallelograms, and therefore M,H,IM, H, I are collinear.

Figure 3

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