Let D and E be two points on the sides AB and AC, respectively, of a triangle ABC, such that DB=BC=CE, and let F be the point of intersection of the lines CD and BE. Prove that the incenter I of the triangle ABC, the orthocenter H of the triangle DEF and the midpoint M of the arcBAC of the circumcircle of the triangle ABC are collinear.
Solution
Solution:
As DB=BC=CE we have BI⊥CD and CI⊥BE. Hence I is orthocenter of triangle BFC. Let K be the point of intersection of the lines BI and CD, and let L be the point of intersection of the lines CI and BE. Then we have the power relation IB⋅IK=IC⋅IL. Let U and V be the feet of the perpendiculars from D to EF and E to DF, respectively. Now we have the power relation DH⋅HU=EH⋅HV.
Let ω1 and ω2 be the circles with diameters BD and CE, respectively. From the power relations above we conclude that IH is the radical axis of the circles ω1 and ω2. Let O1 and O2 be centers of ω1 and ω2, respectively. Then MB=MC, BO1=CO2 and ∠MBO1=∠MCO2, and the triangles MBO1 and MCO2 are congruent. Hence MO1=MO2. Since radii of ω1 and ω2 are equal, this implies that M lies on the radical axis of ω1 and ω2 and M,I,H are collinear.
Let the points K,L,U,V be as in Solution 1. Let P be the point of intersection of DU and EI, and let Q be the point of intersection of EV and DI. Since DB=BC=CE, the points CI and BI are perpendicular to BE and CD, respectively. Hence the lines BI and EV are parallel and ∠IEB=∠IBE=∠UEH. Similarly, the lines CI and DU are parallel and ∠IDC=∠ICD=∠VDH. Since ∠UEH=∠VDH, the points D,Q,F,P,E are concyclic. Hence IP⋅IE=IQ⋅ID. Let R be the second point intersection of the circumcircle of triangle HEP and the line HI. As IH⋅IR=IP⋅IE=IQ⋅ID, the points D,Q,H,R are also concyclic. We have ∠DQH=∠EPH=∠DFE=∠BFC=180∘−∠BIC=90∘−∠BAC/2. Now using the concyclicity of D,Q,H,R, and E,P,H,R we obtain ∠DRH=∠ERH=180∘−(90∘−∠BAC/2)=90∘+∠BAC/2. Hence R is inside the triangle DEH and ∠DRE=360∘−∠DRH−∠ERH=180∘−∠BAC and it follows that the points A,D,R,E are concyclic. As MB=MC, BD=CE, ∠MBD=∠MCE, the triangles MBD and MCE are congruent and ∠MDA=∠MEA. Hence the points M,D,E,A are concyclic. Therefore the points M,D,R,E,A are concyclic. Now we have ∠MRE=180∘−∠MAE=180∘−(90∘+∠BAC/2)=90∘−∠BAC/2 and since ∠ERH=90∘+∠BAC/2, we conclude that the points I,H,R,M are collinear.
Suppose that we have a coordinate system and (bx,by),(cx,cy),(dx,dy),(ex,ey) are the coordinates of the points B,C,D,E, respectively. From BI⋅CD=0, CI⋅BE=0, EH⋅CD=0, DH⋅BE=0 we obtain IH⋅(B−C−E+D)=0. Hence the slope of the line IH is (cx+ex−bx−dx)/(by+dy−cy−ey). Assume that the x-axis lies along the line BC, and let α=∠BAC, β=∠ABC, θ=∠ACB. Since DB=BC=CE, we have cx−bx=BC, ex−dx=BC−BCcosβ−BCcosθ, by=cy=0, dy−ey=BCsinβ−BCsinθ. Therefore the slope of IH is (2−cosβ−cosθ)/(sinβ−sinθ). Now we will show that the slope of the line MI is the same. Let r and R be the inradius and circumradius of the triangle ABC, respectively. As ∠BMC=∠BAC=α and BM=MC, we have my−iy=2BCcot(2α)−r and mx−ix=2AC−AB where (mx,my) and (ix,iy) are the coordinates of M and I, respectively. Therefore the slope of MI is (BCcot(α/2)−2r)/(AC−AB). Now the equality of these slopes follows using sinαBC=sinβAC=sinθAB=2R hence BCcot(2α)=4Rcos2(2α)=2R(1+cosα) and Rr=cosα+cosβ+cosθ−1 as AC−ABBCcot(α/2)−2r=2R(sinβ−sinθ)2R(1+cosα)−2r=sinβ−sinθ2−cosβ−cosθ giving the collinearity of the points I,H,M.
Let the bisectors BI and CI meet the circumcircle of ABC again at P and Q, respectively. Let the altitude of DEF belonging to D meet BI at R and the one belonging to E meet CI at S. Since BI is angle bisector of the isosceles triangle CBD, BI and CD are perpendicular. Since EH and DF are also perpendicular, HS and RI are parallel. Similarly, HR and SI are parallel, and hence HSIR is a parallelogram. On the other hand, as M is the midpoint of the arcBAC, we have ∠MPI=∠MPB=∠MQC=∠MQI, and ∠PIQ=(PA+CB+AQ)/2=(PC+CB+BQ)/2=∠PMQ. Therefore MPIQ is a parallelogram. Since CI is angle bisector of the isosceles triangle BCE, the triangle BSE is also isosceles. Hence ∠FBS=∠EBS=∠SEB=∠HEF=∠HDF=∠RDF=∠FCS and B,S,F,C are concyclic. Similarly, B,F,R,C are concyclic. Therefore B,S,R,C are concyclic. As B,Q,P,C are also concyclic, SR and QP are parallel. Now it follows that HSIR and MQIP are homothetic parallelograms, and therefore M,H,I are collinear.
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