Maths Olympiad Prep

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Number theory Difficulty 5.7 AIME, harder Prove it Ukraine

Find all tuples of positive integers (a,b,c)(a, b, c), which satisfy the equation:
a+b+c2=abc. a + b + c^2 = abc.

Solution

Consider this equation as a square equation with respect to cc. Then,
c2abc+(a+b)=0D=(ab)24(a+b)=m2. c^2 - abc + (a + b) = 0 \Rightarrow D = (ab)^2 - 4(a + b) = m^2.
If b=1b = 1, D1=a24a4=(a2)28=x28D_1 = a^2 - 4a - 4 = (a - 2)^2 - 8 = x^2 - 8, where x=a2x = a - 2.
If x=3x = 3, D1=1D_1 = 1 is a perfect square, so a=5a = 5, c25c+6=0c^2 - 5c + 6 = 0, which yields the answers: (5,1,2)(5, 1, 2) and (5,1,3)(5, 1, 3), and corresponding symmetric tuples: (1,5,2)(1, 5, 2) and (1,5,3)(1, 5, 3).
If x=4x = 4, D1=8D_1 = 8 is not a perfect square.
If x5x \ge 5, x2>D1>(x1)2=x22x+1x^2 > D_1 > (x - 1)^2 = x^2 - 2x + 1, so D1D_1 is not a perfect square.

Now, suppose b2b \ge 2. Then, 2aba+b+4a(b1)+b(a1)42ab \ge a + b + 4 \Leftrightarrow a(b - 1) + b(a - 1) \ge 4. Hence,
(ab)2>D=(ab)24(a+b)(ab4)2=(ab)28ab+16. (ab)^2 > D = (ab)^2 - 4(a + b) \ge (ab - 4)^2 = (ab)^2 - 8ab + 16.
Thus, 4 cases remain.
D=(ab4)2D = (ab - 4)^2, then, from previous estimates, this is only possible if a=b=2a = b = 2, thus, c=2c = 2, and we have the solution (2,2,2)(2, 2, 2).
D=(ab3)2D = (ab - 3)^2 and D=(ab1)2D = (ab - 1)^2 are impossible, since then D=(abn)2=(ab)24(a+b)2abn=n2+4(a+b)D = (ab - n)^2 = (ab)^2 - 4(a + b) \Leftrightarrow 2abn = n^2 + 4(a + b), which gives a contradiction for an odd nn.

D=(ab2)2D = (ab - 2)^2, then 4ab=4+4(a+b)abab1=0a(b1)(b1)=2(a1)(b1)=2a1=24ab = 4 + 4(a + b) \Rightarrow ab - a - b - 1 = 0 \Rightarrow a(b - 1) - (b - 1) = 2 \Rightarrow (a - 1)(b - 1) = 2 \Rightarrow a - 1 = 2 and b1=1b - 1 = 1. Thus, a=3a = 3 and b=2b = 2, and we find cc

from the equation: c26c+5=0c^2 - 6c + 5 = 0. This gives us the solutions (3,2,1)(3, 2, 1) and (3,2,5)(3, 2, 5), and their symmetric counterparts (2,3,1)(2, 3, 1) and (2,3,5)(2, 3, 5).

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Source: MathNet, licensed CC-BY-4.0. Statement reproduced verbatim; metadata (topic, difficulty) added by this project.