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Algebra Difficulty 5.2 AIME, harder Prove it Mongolia

For any real numbers t1,t2,,tn2t_1, t_2, \dots, t_n \le 2, show that the inequality
t13t22+4+t23t32+4++tn13tn2+4+tn3t12+4n \frac{t_1^3}{t_2^2 + 4} + \frac{t_2^3}{t_3^2 + 4} + \dots + \frac{t_{n-1}^3}{t_n^2 + 4} + \frac{t_n^3}{t_1^2 + 4} \le n
holds.

Solution

Let si=ti2/4s_i = t_i^2/4. Since ti32ti2=8sit_i^3 \le 2t_i^2 = 8s_i, so for 0s1,,sn10 \le s_1, \dots, s_n \le 1, it suffices to prove
s1s2+1+s2s3+1++sns1+1n2. \frac{s_1}{s_2+1} + \frac{s_2}{s_3+1} + \dots + \frac{s_n}{s_1+1} \le \frac{n}{2}.
Now for any 0x,y10 \le x, y \le 1, we consider:
(1+y)(1y+x)=2x+(1y)(1+yx)2x (1+y)(1-y+x) = 2x + (1-y)(1+y-x) \ge 2x
which implies:
xy+11y+x2. \frac{x}{y+1} \le \frac{1-y+x}{2}.

Applying this to the set {si}\{s_i\} cyclically:
isisi+1+1n2+12i(sisi+1)=n2 \sum_{i} \frac{s_i}{s_{i+1} + 1} \le \frac{n}{2} + \frac{1}{2} \sum_{i} (s_i - s_{i+1}) = \frac{n}{2}
so the inequality is proved. Equality holds for each ii when si+1=1s_{i+1} = 1 or (si,si+1)=(1,0)(s_i, s_{i+1}) = (1, 0), i.e., when the sequence {t1,t2,,tn,t1}\{t_1, t_2, \dots, t_n, t_1\} consists only of 0 and 2, and contains no consecutive 0's.

*Remark.* Refer to the solution of problem E5.

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