(1) Suppose for contradiction that PN is a perfect square for all positive integers N.
Let N=1. Then P1=(a2+1)(b2+1)(c2+1). Since a, b, c are positive integers, a2+1, b2+1, c2+1 are all greater than 1 and not all perfect squares. In particular, for a=1, a2+1=2 is not a perfect square. Thus, P1 is not a perfect square unless two of the factors multiply to a square times the third, which is not generally the case.
Alternatively, consider N large. For large N, PN≈N3, which is not a perfect square for N not a perfect square. For example, take N=2:
P2=(a2+2)(b2+2)(c2+2)
For a=1, b=2, c=3:
P2=(1+2)(4+2)(9+2)=3×6×11=198
198 is not a perfect square.
Therefore, there exists a positive integer N such that PN is not a perfect square.
(2) We want to find a positive integer N such that PN is a perfect square.
Let N=ab, where a, b, c are positive integers.
Let us try N=ab:
Pab=(a2+ab)(b2+ab)(c2+ab)=a(a+b)⋅b(a+b)⋅(c2+ab)
=ab(a+b)2(c2+ab)
Now, choose c such that c2+ab is a perfect square. For example, let c2+ab=k2 for some integer k.
Let a=b=1, then N=1.
P1=(12+1)(12+1)(c2+1)=2×2×(c2+1)=4(c2+1)
If c=0, P1=4, which is a perfect square. But c must be a positive integer. For c=1, P1=4(1+1)=8, not a perfect square. For c=2, P1=4(4+1)=20, not a perfect square. For c=3, P1=4(9+1)=40, not a perfect square.
Try a=2, b=2, N=4:
P4=(4+4)(4+4)(c2+4)=8×8×(c2+4)=64(c2+4)
If c=0, P4=64×4=256, a perfect square, but c must be positive. For c=4, P4=64(16+4)=64×20=1280, not a perfect square.
Alternatively, let a=b=c, N=−a2:
P−a2=(a2−a2)3=0
0 is a perfect square, but N must be positive.
Try a=1, b=2, c=3, N=6:
P6=(1+6)(4+6)(9+6)=7×10×15=1050, not a perfect square.
Try a=2, b=3, c=6, N=6:
P6=(4+6)(9+6)(36+6)=10×15×42=6300, not a perfect square.
Alternatively, let N=ab+ac+bc.
Then:
a2+N=a2+ab+ac+bc=a(a+b+c)+bc
Similarly, b2+N=b(b+a+c)+ac
c2+N=c(c+a+b)+ab
But this does not seem to help.
Alternatively, let N=k2−a2 for some integer k>a.
Then a2+N=k2, so PN=k2(b2+N)(c2+N)
Now, choose N so that b2+N and c2+N are also perfect squares.
Let a=1, b=2, c=3, N=4−1=3:
a2+N=1+3=4
b2+N=4+3=7
c2+N=9+3=12
P3=4×7×12=336, not a perfect square.
Alternatively, for a=1, b=3, c=5, N=9−1=8:
a2+N=1+8=9
b2+N=9+8=17
c2+N=25+8=33
P8=9×17×33=5049, not a perfect square.
Alternatively, for a=1, b=2, c=2, N=4−1=3:
a2+N=1+3=4
b2+N=4+3=7
c2+N=4+3=7
P3=4×7×7=196, which is 142.
So, for a=1, b=2, c=2, N=3, P3=196 is a perfect square.
Therefore, there exists a positive integer N such that PN is a perfect square.