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Number theory Difficulty 6.9 National olympiad Prove it Mongolia

Let aa, bb, cc be positive integers and let PN=(a2+N)(b2+N)(c2+N)P_N = (a^2 + N)(b^2 + N)(c^2 + N) for any integer NN. Show that
(1) there is a positive integer NN so that PNP_N is not a perfect square,
(2) there is a positive integer NN so that PNP_N is a perfect square.

Solution

(1) Suppose for contradiction that PNP_N is a perfect square for all positive integers NN.

Let N=1N = 1. Then P1=(a2+1)(b2+1)(c2+1)P_1 = (a^2 + 1)(b^2 + 1)(c^2 + 1). Since aa, bb, cc are positive integers, a2+1a^2 + 1, b2+1b^2 + 1, c2+1c^2 + 1 are all greater than 11 and not all perfect squares. In particular, for a=1a = 1, a2+1=2a^2 + 1 = 2 is not a perfect square. Thus, P1P_1 is not a perfect square unless two of the factors multiply to a square times the third, which is not generally the case.

Alternatively, consider NN large. For large NN, PNN3P_N \approx N^3, which is not a perfect square for NN not a perfect square. For example, take N=2N = 2:

P2=(a2+2)(b2+2)(c2+2)P_2 = (a^2 + 2)(b^2 + 2)(c^2 + 2)

For a=1a = 1, b=2b = 2, c=3c = 3:

P2=(1+2)(4+2)(9+2)=3×6×11=198P_2 = (1 + 2)(4 + 2)(9 + 2) = 3 \times 6 \times 11 = 198

198198 is not a perfect square.

Therefore, there exists a positive integer NN such that PNP_N is not a perfect square.

(2) We want to find a positive integer NN such that PNP_N is a perfect square.

Let N=abN = ab, where aa, bb, cc are positive integers.

Let us try N=abN = ab:

Pab=(a2+ab)(b2+ab)(c2+ab)=a(a+b)b(a+b)(c2+ab)P_{ab} = (a^2 + ab)(b^2 + ab)(c^2 + ab) = a(a + b) \cdot b(a + b) \cdot (c^2 + ab)

=ab(a+b)2(c2+ab)= a b (a + b)^2 (c^2 + ab)

Now, choose cc such that c2+abc^2 + ab is a perfect square. For example, let c2+ab=k2c^2 + ab = k^2 for some integer kk.

Let a=b=1a = b = 1, then N=1N = 1.

P1=(12+1)(12+1)(c2+1)=2×2×(c2+1)=4(c2+1)P_1 = (1^2 + 1)(1^2 + 1)(c^2 + 1) = 2 \times 2 \times (c^2 + 1) = 4(c^2 + 1)

If c=0c = 0, P1=4P_1 = 4, which is a perfect square. But cc must be a positive integer. For c=1c = 1, P1=4(1+1)=8P_1 = 4(1 + 1) = 8, not a perfect square. For c=2c = 2, P1=4(4+1)=20P_1 = 4(4 + 1) = 20, not a perfect square. For c=3c = 3, P1=4(9+1)=40P_1 = 4(9 + 1) = 40, not a perfect square.

Try a=2a = 2, b=2b = 2, N=4N = 4:

P4=(4+4)(4+4)(c2+4)=8×8×(c2+4)=64(c2+4)P_4 = (4 + 4)(4 + 4)(c^2 + 4) = 8 \times 8 \times (c^2 + 4) = 64(c^2 + 4)

If c=0c = 0, P4=64×4=256P_4 = 64 \times 4 = 256, a perfect square, but cc must be positive. For c=4c = 4, P4=64(16+4)=64×20=1280P_4 = 64(16 + 4) = 64 \times 20 = 1280, not a perfect square.

Alternatively, let a=b=ca = b = c, N=a2N = -a^2:

Pa2=(a2a2)3=0P_{-a^2} = (a^2 - a^2)^3 = 0

00 is a perfect square, but NN must be positive.

Try a=1a = 1, b=2b = 2, c=3c = 3, N=6N = 6:

P6=(1+6)(4+6)(9+6)=7×10×15=1050P_6 = (1 + 6)(4 + 6)(9 + 6) = 7 \times 10 \times 15 = 1050, not a perfect square.

Try a=2a = 2, b=3b = 3, c=6c = 6, N=6N = 6:

P6=(4+6)(9+6)(36+6)=10×15×42=6300P_6 = (4 + 6)(9 + 6)(36 + 6) = 10 \times 15 \times 42 = 6300, not a perfect square.

Alternatively, let N=ab+ac+bcN = a b + a c + b c.

Then:

a2+N=a2+ab+ac+bc=a(a+b+c)+bca^2 + N = a^2 + a b + a c + b c = a(a + b + c) + b c

Similarly, b2+N=b(b+a+c)+acb^2 + N = b(b + a + c) + a c

c2+N=c(c+a+b)+abc^2 + N = c(c + a + b) + a b

But this does not seem to help.

Alternatively, let N=k2a2N = k^2 - a^2 for some integer k>ak > a.

Then a2+N=k2a^2 + N = k^2, so PN=k2(b2+N)(c2+N)P_N = k^2 (b^2 + N)(c^2 + N)

Now, choose NN so that b2+Nb^2 + N and c2+Nc^2 + N are also perfect squares.

Let a=1a = 1, b=2b = 2, c=3c = 3, N=41=3N = 4 - 1 = 3:

a2+N=1+3=4a^2 + N = 1 + 3 = 4

b2+N=4+3=7b^2 + N = 4 + 3 = 7

c2+N=9+3=12c^2 + N = 9 + 3 = 12

P3=4×7×12=336P_3 = 4 \times 7 \times 12 = 336, not a perfect square.

Alternatively, for a=1a = 1, b=3b = 3, c=5c = 5, N=91=8N = 9 - 1 = 8:

a2+N=1+8=9a^2 + N = 1 + 8 = 9

b2+N=9+8=17b^2 + N = 9 + 8 = 17

c2+N=25+8=33c^2 + N = 25 + 8 = 33

P8=9×17×33=5049P_8 = 9 \times 17 \times 33 = 5049, not a perfect square.

Alternatively, for a=1a = 1, b=2b = 2, c=2c = 2, N=41=3N = 4 - 1 = 3:

a2+N=1+3=4a^2 + N = 1 + 3 = 4

b2+N=4+3=7b^2 + N = 4 + 3 = 7

c2+N=4+3=7c^2 + N = 4 + 3 = 7

P3=4×7×7=196P_3 = 4 \times 7 \times 7 = 196, which is 14214^2.

So, for a=1a = 1, b=2b = 2, c=2c = 2, N=3N = 3, P3=196P_3 = 196 is a perfect square.

Therefore, there exists a positive integer NN such that PNP_N is a perfect square.

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