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Geometry Difficulty 7.6 National Olympiad, round 2 Prove it Iran

In triangle ABCABC points P,QP, Q lie on the exterior angle bisector of vertex AA such that P,BP, B lie on the same side of line ACAC and QQ is on the other side. Perpendicular line from PP to ABAB cuts the perpendicular line from QQ to ACAC at XX. Points P,QP', Q' are respectively chosen on PB,QCPB, QC such that QX=QXQX = Q'X and PX=PXPX = P'X. Let TT be the midpoint of arc BCBC (the one that doesn't contain AA) of the circumcircle of triangle ABCABC. Prove that P,Q,TP', Q', T are collinear if and only if
PBA^+QCA^=90 \widehat{PBA} + \widehat{QCA} = 90^\circ

Solution

First we start with two lemmas.

Lemma. Let ABCDABCD be a quadrilateral and PP be a point on segment ABAB. Let X,Y,ZX, Y, Z be points on BC,CD,ADBC, CD, AD respectively such that PXAC,XYBD,YZACPX \parallel AC, XY \parallel BD, YZ \parallel AC. Then we have PZBDPZ \parallel BD.

Proof. From PXAC,XYBD,YZACPX \parallel AC, XY \parallel BD, YZ \parallel AC we conclude that
BPAB=BXBCBXBC=DYDCDYDC=DZAD}    BPAB=DZAD    PZBD \left. \begin{array}{l} \frac{BP}{AB} = \frac{BX}{BC} \\[2ex] \frac{BX}{BC} = \frac{DY}{DC} \\[2ex] \frac{DY}{DC} = \frac{DZ}{AD} \end{array} \right\} \implies \frac{BP}{AB} = \frac{DZ}{AD} \implies PZ \parallel BD

Figure 1

Lemma. Let PQRSPQRS be a cyclic quadrilateral. HH is the intersection point of PQ,RSPQ, RS. Let TT' be an arbitrary point on PQPQ. M,NM, N are points on PR,QSPR, QS respectively such that TMQR,TNPST'M \parallel QR, T'N \parallel PS. TT is a point such that TMT=TNT=90\overline{T'MT} = \overline{T'NT} = 90^\circ. Now that if TT' varies on line PQPQ then TT varies on a line passing HH and if this line is RSRS then PSQRPS \perp QR.
Figure 2
Proof. Suppose that there are three points T1,T2,T3T'_1, T'_2, T'_3 on PQPQ. Obviously we have
N1N2N1N3=T1T2T1T3=M1M2M1M3 \frac{N_1 N_2}{N_1 N_3} = \frac{T'_1 T'_2}{T'_1 T'_3} = \frac{M_1 M_2}{M_1 M_3}
Let A1,A2,A3A_1, A_2, A_3 be the intersection points of (T1M1,T3N3),(T1M1,T2N2),(T2M2,T3N3)(T_1M_1, T_3N_3), (T_1M_1, T_2N_2), (T_2M_2, T_3N_3) respectively.
Because of intercept theorem we have
A1A2A1T1=A1A3A1T3,T2A2A1T3,T2A3A1T1 \frac{A_1 A_2}{A_1 T_1} = \frac{A_1 A_3}{A_1 T_3}, T_2 A_2 \parallel A_1 T_3, T_2 A_3 \parallel A_1 T_1
So we conclude that T2T_2 lies on T1T3T_1T_3.
We proved that TT varies on a line. Now we prove that this line passes through HH.
Suppose that SP,QRSP, QR are not perpendicular. Then there exist F,X,YF, X', Y. Set T1=Q,T2=PT'_1 = Q, T'_2 = P. So we have T1=X,T2=YT_1 = X', T_2 = Y. Let E,ZE, Z be the intersection points of (PS,QR),(RX,SY)(PS, QR), (RX', SY) respectively. Obviously we have EFPQ,ZES=90ERSEF \perp PQ, \overline{ZES} = 90^\circ - \overline{ERS}. It means that
ZES=90EPQ    ZEPQ \overline{ZES} = 90^\circ - \overline{EPQ} \implies ZE \perp PQ
So E,F,ZE, F, Z are collinear. From desargue theorem in triangles SZR,PFQSZR, PFQ we obtain that PQ,RS,XYPQ, RS, X'Y are concurrent. So XYX'Y passes from the intersection point of PQ,RSPQ, RS.
Now suppose that PQRSPQ \perp RS. Then if we set T1=P,T2=QT'_1 = P, T'_2 = Q then we have T1=S,T2=RT_1 = S, T_2 = R which implies that RSRS passes through HH.

Figure 3

Case 1:
Suppose that PBA^+QCA^=90\widehat{PBA} + \widehat{QCA} = 90^\circ. Let M,N,TM, N, T' be the second intersection points of BP,CQ,APBP, CQ, AP with the circumcircle of triangle ABCABC. PQPQ is the external angle bisector of A^\hat{A}. Thus we have
QAC^=PAB^=90A^2    APX^=AQX^=A^2    PX=QX,PXQ^=180A^ \begin{aligned} \widehat{QAC} = \widehat{PAB} &= 90^\circ - \frac{\hat{A}}{2} \implies \widehat{APX} = \widehat{AQX} = \frac{\hat{A}}{2} \\ \implies PX = QX, \widehat{PXQ} &= 180^\circ - \hat{A} \end{aligned}
We know that PX=RX,QX=SXPX = RX, QX = SX so we infer that
PX=QX=RX=SX    PQRS is cyclic PX = QX = RX = SX \implies PQRS \text{ is cyclic}
TACNT'ACN is a cyclic quadrilateral. So QNT=90A^2QNT' = 90^\circ - \frac{\hat{A}}{2}.
PQRS is cyclic, PXQ^=180A^    QSP^=90A^2    QNT^=QSP^    NTPS \begin{aligned} PQRS \text{ is cyclic, } \widehat{PXQ} &= 180^\circ - \hat{A} \implies \widehat{QSP} = 90^\circ - \frac{\hat{A}}{2} \\ \implies \widehat{QNT'} = \widehat{QSP} \implies NT' \parallel PS \end{aligned}
By the same way we can see that MTPSMT \parallel PS.
PBA^+PCA^=90    XQC^+XPB^=90    PXB^+QXC^=180    RXS^=A^    RQS^=RPS^=A^2=TNC^=TMB^    TNQR,TMPS \begin{aligned} \widehat{PBA} + \widehat{PCA} &= 90^\circ \\ \implies \widehat{XQC} + \widehat{XPB} &= 90^\circ \implies \widehat{PXB} + \widehat{QXC} = 180^\circ \\ \implies \widehat{RXS} &= \hat{A} \\ \implies \widehat{RQS} = \widehat{RPS} &= \frac{\hat{A}}{2} = \widehat{TNC} = \widehat{TMB} \implies TN \parallel QR, TM \parallel PS \end{aligned}

By the first lemma we conclude that the intersection point of MTMT, NTNT lies on RSRS. So RR, SS, TT are collinear.
Figure 4

Case 2:
Suppose that RR, SS, TT are collinear. Likewise the first case we can see that PQRSPQRS is cyclic with circumcenter XX and TMQRT' M \parallel QR, TNPST' N \parallel PS. In circumcircle of triangle ABCABC, TTTT' is diameter. So we have
TMT^=TNT^=90 \widehat{TMT'} = \widehat{TNT'} = 90^\circ
By applying the second lemma in cyclic quadrilateral PQRSPQRS we conclude that TT lies on a line passing from the intersection point of PQ,RSPQ, RS. We know that TT lies on RSRS. So we have PSQRPS \perp QR or TT is the intersection point of PQ,RSPQ, RS.
If TT lies on PQ,RSPQ, RS we obtain that T,T,AT, T', A are collinear which is a contradiction. If PSQRPS \perp QR it means that
PXB^+QXC^=180    XQC^+XPB^=90    PBA^+QCA^=90 \widehat{PXB} + \widehat{QXC} = 180^\circ \implies \widehat{XQC} + \widehat{XPB} = 90^\circ \implies \widehat{PBA} + \widehat{QCA} = 90^\circ

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