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Algebra Difficulty 6.8 National Olympiad Prove it Iran

For each nonnegative integer nn, polynomial Kn(x1,x2,...,xn)K_n(x_1, x_2, ..., x_n) is defined recursively as follows,
K0=1K1(x1)=x1Kn(x1,,xn)=xnKn1(x1,,xn1)+(xn2+xn12)Kn2(x1,,xn2). \begin{array}{l} K_0 = 1 \\ K_1(x_1) = x_1 \\ K_n(x_1, \dots, x_n) = x_n K_{n-1}(x_1, \dots, x_{n-1}) + (x_n^2 + x_{n-1}^2) K_{n-2}(x_1, \dots, x_{n-2}). \end{array}
Prove that Kn(x1,x2,...,xn1,xn)=Kn(xn,xn1,...,x2,x1)K_n(x_1, x_2, ..., x_{n-1}, x_n) = K_n(x_n, x_{n-1}, ..., x_2, x_1).

Solution

Consider a 1×n1 \times n table with cells labelled by variables x1,x2,,xnx_1, x_2, \dots, x_n from left to right.

| x1x_1 | x2x_2 | ... | xnx_n |

We assign a polynomial in terms of variables x1,x2,,xnx_1, x_2, \dots, x_n to each tiling of this table by 1×11 \times 1 and 1×21 \times 2 tiles, as follows. We define the weight of 1×11 \times 1 tiles to be the variable of its cell in the table and the weight of a 1×21 \times 2 tile to be the sum of squares of variables of its cells. At the end, we associate to each tiling the product of weights of its tiles. For example, for n=4n = 4, there are only 5 ways of tiling a 1×41 \times 4 table with the mentioned tiles:

x1x_1x2x_2x3x_3x4x_4
x12+x22x_1^2 + x_2^2x32+x42x_3^2 + x_4^2
x12+x22x_1^2 + x_2^2x3x_3x4x_4
x1x_1x2x_2x32+x42x_3^2 + x_4^2
x1x_1x22+x32x_2^2 + x_3^2x4x_4
x1x_1x2x_2x3x_3x4x_4

And the polynomials assigned to these tilings are (x12+x22)(x32+x42)(x_1^2 + x_2^2)(x_3^2 + x_4^2), (x12+x22)x3x4(x_1^2 + x_2^2)x_3x_4, x1x2(x32+x42)x_1x_2(x_3^2 + x_4^2), x1(x22+x32)x4x_1(x_2^2 + x_3^2)x_4 and x1x2x3x4x_1x_2x_3x_4.

Now for each integer n0n \ge 0, we define the polynomial PnP_n to be the sum of all polynomials corresponding to the tilings of the 1×n1 \times n table. For example,
P4(x1,x2,x3,x4)=(x12+x22)(x32+x42)+(x12+x22)x3x4+x1x2(x32+x42)+x1(x22+x32)x4+x1x2x3x4 P_4(x_1, x_2, x_3, x_4) = (x_1^2+x_2^2)(x_3^2+x_4^2)+(x_1^2+x_2^2)x_3x_4+x_1x_2(x_3^2+x_4^2)+x_1(x_2^2+x_3^2)x_4+x_1x_2x_3x_4
Note that there is only the empty tiling in the case n=0n = 0 and there is one trivial tiling when n=1n = 1. Therefore, P0()=1P_0() = 1, P1(x1)=x1P_1(x_1) = x_1.

We claim that for each integer n0n \ge 0, Pn(x1,,xn)=Kn(x1,,xn)P_n(x_1, \dots, x_n) = K_n(x_1, \dots, x_n). For proving the claim, since P0=K0P_0 = K_0 and P1=K1P_1 = K_1, it suffices to show that PnP_n satisfies the same recursive relation as KnK_n. This is easy by looking at the last tile of each tiling (the tile covering xnx_n). We have two cases.

1. The last tile of tiling is a 1×21 \times 2 tile. The part of PnP_n corresponding to these tilings is (xn12+xn2)Pn2(x1,,xn2)(x_{n-1}^2 + x_n^2)P_{n-2}(x_1, \dots, x_{n-2}), because xn12+xn2x_{n-1}^2 + x_n^2 is the weight of the last tile and the remaining table after removing this tile has n2n-2 cells.

2. The last tile of tiling is a 1×11 \times 1 tile. The part of PnP_n corresponding to these tilings is xnPn1(x1,,xn1)x_n P_{n-1}(x_1, \dots, x_{n-1}) because xnx_n is the weight of the last tile and the remaining table after removing this tile has n1n-1 cells.

So the proof of the claim is finished. Finally, note that reflection of each tiling with respect to the vertical axis of symmetry of the table is again a tiling. Therefore, if we label the cells by xn,xn1,,x1x_n, x_{n-1}, \dots, x_1 rather than x1,x2,,xnx_1, x_2, \dots, x_n, we have again the polynomial Kn(x1,x2,,xn)K_n(x_1, x_2, \dots, x_n). So Kn(x1,x2,,xn)=Kn(xn,,x2,x1)K_n(x_1, x_2, \dots, x_n) = K_n(x_n, \dots, x_2, x_1) as desired.

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