For each nonnegative integer , polynomial is defined recursively as follows,
Prove that .
Solution
Consider a table with cells labelled by variables from left to right.
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We assign a polynomial in terms of variables to each tiling of this table by and tiles, as follows. We define the weight of tiles to be the variable of its cell in the table and the weight of a tile to be the sum of squares of variables of its cells. At the end, we associate to each tiling the product of weights of its tiles. For example, for , there are only 5 ways of tiling a table with the mentioned tiles:
And the polynomials assigned to these tilings are , , , and .
Now for each integer , we define the polynomial to be the sum of all polynomials corresponding to the tilings of the table. For example,
Note that there is only the empty tiling in the case and there is one trivial tiling when . Therefore, , .
We claim that for each integer , . For proving the claim, since and , it suffices to show that satisfies the same recursive relation as . This is easy by looking at the last tile of each tiling (the tile covering ). We have two cases.
1. The last tile of tiling is a tile. The part of corresponding to these tilings is , because is the weight of the last tile and the remaining table after removing this tile has cells.
2. The last tile of tiling is a tile. The part of corresponding to these tilings is because is the weight of the last tile and the remaining table after removing this tile has cells.
So the proof of the claim is finished. Finally, note that reflection of each tiling with respect to the vertical axis of symmetry of the table is again a tiling. Therefore, if we label the cells by rather than , we have again the polynomial . So as desired.