Let . is a set of points in the plane, no three of which are collinear. Before the game begins, line segments are drawn in the plane, such that both endpoints of every segment belong to , and every point of is the endpoint of exactly two segments.
We then consider the following operation: choose two segments and that have an intersection point (including endpoints), erase these two segments, and draw and instead.
Prove that we cannot perform this operation or more times.
Solution
(For convenience of exposition, all segments mentioned below do not include their two endpoints.)
For any line in the plane, we say it is "red" if and only if it contains two points of . Since no three points of are collinear, each red line uniquely determines two points of . Moreover, the number of red lines is clearly . Furthermore, for each segment, let its "intersection number" be the number of red lines that intersect it. For a set of segments, its "intersection number" is then defined as the sum of the intersection numbers of the individual segments. We will prove that
1. At the start of the game, the intersection number of all the segments is less than .
2. Each time an operation is performed, the intersection number of all the segments decreases by at least 2.
Since the intersection number of all the segments can never be negative (otherwise the operation could not be performed), the above two points together prove the original claim.
Pf of 1. Since each segment's intersection number is less than , and there are segments in total, the claim follows.
Pf of 2. Suppose we choose and , and after the operation change them to and . Let be the set of all red lines that intersect , and define , , and similarly. To prove the second point, it suffices to prove that
where denotes the number of lines in .
First, if a line intersects , then it must intersect or . Furthermore, the line is a red line for the segment , and the line is a red line for the segment , but neither of them is a red line for or (since they meet at endpoints). Hence, we have
On the other hand, if a line is simultaneously a red line for both and , then it must inevitably intersect both and . Hence
Combining (2) and (3), we obtain (1), completing the proof.