Maths Olympiad Prep

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Combinatorics Difficulty 5.7 AIME, harder Prove it Taiwan

Let n4n \ge 4. MM is a set of nn points in the plane, no three of which are collinear. Before the game begins, nn line segments are drawn in the plane, such that both endpoints of every segment belong to MM, and every point of MM is the endpoint of exactly two segments.
We then consider the following operation: choose two segments ABAB and CDCD that have an intersection point (including endpoints), erase these two segments, and draw ACAC and BDBD instead.
Prove that we cannot perform this operation n34\frac{n^3}{4} or more times.

Solution

(For convenience of exposition, all segments mentioned below do not include their two endpoints.)
For any line in the plane, we say it is "red" if and only if it contains two points of MM. Since no three points of MM are collinear, each red line uniquely determines two points of MM. Moreover, the number of red lines is clearly C2n<n2/2C_2^n < n^2/2. Furthermore, for each segment, let its "intersection number" be the number of red lines that intersect it. For a set of segments, its "intersection number" is then defined as the sum of the intersection numbers of the individual segments. We will prove that
1. At the start of the game, the intersection number of all the segments is less than n3/2n^3/2.
2. Each time an operation is performed, the intersection number of all the segments decreases by at least 2.
Since the intersection number of all the segments can never be negative (otherwise the operation could not be performed), the above two points together prove the original claim.

Pf of 1. Since each segment's intersection number is less than C2n<n2/2C_2^n < n^2/2, and there are nn segments in total, the claim follows.

Pf of 2. Suppose we choose ABAB and CDCD, and after the operation change them to ACAC and BDBD. Let XABX_{AB} be the set of all red lines that intersect ABAB, and define XCDX_{CD}, XACX_{AC}, and XBDX_{BD} similarly. To prove the second point, it suffices to prove that
XAC+XBD+2XAB+XCD,(1) |X_{AC}| + |X_{BD}| + 2 \le |X_{AB}| + |X_{CD}|, \quad (1)
where X|X| denotes the number of lines in XX.

First, if a line intersects ACAC, then it must intersect ABAB or CDCD. Furthermore, the line ABAB is a red line for the segment CDCD, and the line CDCD is a red line for the segment ABAB, but neither of them is a red line for ACAC or BDBD (since they meet at endpoints). Hence, we have
XACXBD+2XABXCD.(2) |X_{AC} \cup X_{BD}| + 2 \leq |X_{AB} \cup X_{CD}|. \qquad (2)
On the other hand, if a line is simultaneously a red line for both ACAC and BDBD, then it must inevitably intersect both ABAB and CDCD. Hence
XACXBDXABXCD.(3) |X_{AC} \cap X_{BD}| \leq |X_{AB} \cap X_{CD}|. \qquad (3)
Combining (2) and (3), we obtain (1), completing the proof.

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Source: MathNet, licensed CC-BY-4.0. Statement translated into English from zh; metadata (topic, difficulty) added by this project.