Number theoryDifficulty 4.9AIMEProve itUnited States
Problem: Let N be a positive integer such that N is divisible by 81 and the number formed by reversing the digits of N is also divisible by 81. Prove that the sum of the digits of N is divisible by 81.
Solution
Solution: We begin with a lemma. Lemma. For all k≥0, 10k≡1+9k(mod81). Proof. Binomial theorem: 10k=(1+9)k=1k+(1k)1k−19+terms divisible by 92. We now write N in terms of its digits as N=a0+10a1+⋯+10nan≡(a0+9⋅0⋅a0)+(a1+9⋅1⋅a1)+⋯+(an+9⋅n⋅an)≡a0+a1+⋯+an+9(0a0+1a1+2a2+⋯+nan)(mod81) Correspondingly, the number formed by reversing the digits of N is an+10an−1+⋯+10na0≡a0+a1+⋯+an+9(na0+(n−1)a1+⋯+0an)(mod81). If we add these two numbers, we get that 81 divides 2(a0+⋯+an)+9(na0+na1+⋯+nan)=(9n+2)(a0+⋯+an). Since 9n+2 is not divisible by 3, the conclusion follows.
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