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Number theory Difficulty 7.5 National olympiad, round 2 Prove it Turkey

Find all pairs of positive integers (m,n)(m, n) satisfying
m2+n2=2018(mn). m^2 + n^2 = 2018(m - n).

Solution

Using the condition given, we have (m+n)2+(2018m+n)2=20182(m+n)^2 + (2018-m+n)^2 = 2018^2. Let m+n=um+n = u, 2018m+n=v2018-m+n = v. It can be seen that u,v>0u,v > 0. Since u2+v2=201820(mod4)u^2 + v^2 = 2018^2 \equiv 0 \pmod 4, we get uv0(mod2)u \equiv v \equiv 0 \pmod 2. Let u=2u1u = 2u_1, v=2v1v = 2v_1. Then we have u12+v12=10092u_1^2 + v_1^2 = 1009^2. Since (u1,v1,1009)(u_1, v_1, 1009) is a Pythagorean Triple, we get 1009=d(r2+s2)1009 = d(r^2 + s^2), (u1,v1)=(d(2rs),d(r2s2))(u_1, v_1) = (d(2rs), d(r^2-s^2)) or (u1,v1)=(d(r2s2),d(2rs))(u_1, v_1) = (d(r^2-s^2), d(2rs)) for some positive integers d,r,sd, r, s. Since 10091009 is a prime number, we obtain d=1d = 1 and r2+s2=1009r^2 + s^2 = 1009. The last equation has solutions (r,s)=(28,15),(15,28)(r,s) = (28,15), (15,28). Hence all solutions are (u1,v1)=(840,559),(559,840)(u_1, v_1) = (840,559), (559,840) which correspond $(m,n) = (728,390), (1290,390).

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