Maths Olympiad Prep

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Geometry Difficulty 6.1 National olympiad Prove it Austria

We are given a non-isosceles triangle ABCABC with incenter II. Show that the circumcircle kk of AIBAIB is not tangent to the lines CACA or CBCB.

The second common point of kk with CACA is named PP and the second with CBCB is named QQ. Prove that the points A,B,PA, B, P and QQ are (not necessarily in this order) vertices of a trapezoid.

G. Baron, Vienna

Solution

It is well known that the angle bisector in CC and the bisector of the side ABAB intersect in a point on the circumcircle of a triangle ABCABC. Let this point be MM. It is certainly equidistant from AA and BB. We now consider the triangle AIMAIM. Naming the angles in AA, BB and CC, α\alpha, β\beta and γ\gamma as usual, we note that MAI=α2+BAM=α2+BCM=α2+γ2\angle MAI = \frac{\alpha}{2} + \angle BAM = \frac{\alpha}{2} + \angle BCM = \frac{\alpha}{2} + \frac{\gamma}{2}. Furthermore, IMA=CMA=CBA=β\angle IMA = \angle CMA = \angle CBA = \beta, and we therefore have MIA=180IMAAIM=180β(α2+γ2)=α2+γ2\angle MIA = 180^\circ - \angle IMA - \angle AIM = 180^\circ - \beta - (\frac{\alpha}{2} + \frac{\gamma}{2}) = \frac{\alpha}{2} + \frac{\gamma}{2}. We see that the triangle AIMAIM is isosceles, and we have MA=MIMA = MI. MM is therefore the mid-point of kk.

Figure 1

If we name the mid-points of APAP and BQBQ UU and VV respectively, we see that triangles MUCMUC and MVCMVC are certainly congruent, since they both have angles of 9090^\circ and γ2\frac{\gamma}{2} and the common hypotenuse CMCM. We therefore have MU=MVMU = MV. Since MA=MP=MB=MQMA = MP = MB = MQ, we now see that the triangles AMPAMP and BMQBMQ are both isosceles with the same side lengths and the same altitudes, and are therefore also congruent, from which it follows that AP=BQAP = BQ holds.

The quadrilateral AQBPAQBP is therefore inscribed and has two sides of the same length, and is therefore a trapezoid, as claimed.

We also see that neither ACAC nor BCBC can be a tangent of kk. If either were a tangent, the two (congruent) triangles AMPAMP and BMCBMC would both degenerate to segments perpendicular to ACAC and BCBC respectively. Both lines would therefore be tangent to kk, and since the tangent segments would therefore be of equal length, it would follow that ABCABC is isosceles, which is a contradiction to the assumption that it is not. This completes our proof.

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