Maths Olympiad Prep

Library / /965 of 1394

, 2023

Algebra Difficulty 5.5 AIME, harder Prove it United States

Problem:
Let xx, yy, and NN be real numbers, with yy nonzero, such that the sets {(x+y)2,(xy)2,xy,x/y}\{(x+y)^2, (x-y)^2, x y, x / y\} and {4,12.8,28.8,N}\{4, 12.8, 28.8, N\} are equal. Compute the sum of the possible values of NN.

Solution

Solution:
First, suppose that xx and yy were of different signs. Then xy<0x y < 0 and x/y<0x / y < 0, but the set has at most one negative value, a contradiction. Hence, xx and yy have the same sign; without loss of generality, we say xx and yy are both positive.

Let (s,d):=(x+y,xy)(s, d) := (x+y, x-y). Then the set given is equal to {s2,d2,14(s2d2),s+dsd}\{s^2, d^2, \frac{1}{4}(s^2 - d^2), \frac{s+d}{s-d}\}. We split into two cases:

- Case 1: s+dsd=N\frac{s+d}{s-d} = N. This forces s2=28.8s^2 = 28.8 and d2=12.8d^2 = 12.8, since 14(28.812.8)=4\frac{1}{4}(28.8 - 12.8) = 4. Then s=120.2s = 12 \sqrt{0.2} and d=±80.2d = \pm 8 \sqrt{0.2}, so NN is either 12+8128=5\frac{12+8}{12-8} = 5 or 12812+8=0.2\frac{12-8}{12+8} = 0.2.

- Case 2: s+dsdN\frac{s+d}{s-d} \neq N. Suppose s+dsd=k\frac{s+d}{s-d} = k, so (s,d)=((k+1)t,(k1)t)(s, d) = ((k+1)t, (k-1)t) for some tt. Then s2:d2:14(s2d2)=(k+1)2:(k1)2:ks^2 : d^2 : \frac{1}{4}(s^2 - d^2) = (k+1)^2 : (k-1)^2 : k. Trying k=4,12.8,28.8k = 4, 12.8, 28.8 reveals that only k=4k = 4 is possible, since 28.8:12.8=(41)2:428.8 : 12.8 = (4-1)^2 : 4. This forces N=s2=52412.8=80N = s^2 = \frac{5^2}{4} \cdot 12.8 = 80.

Hence, our final total is 5+0.2+80=85.25 + 0.2 + 80 = 85.2.

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Source: MathNet, licensed CC-BY-4.0. Statement reproduced verbatim; metadata (topic, difficulty) added by this project.