Maths Olympiad Prep

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, 1997

Number theory Difficulty 8.2 Shortlist Prove it Hong Kong

Prove that there are infinitely many primes pp such that Np=p2N_p = p^2, where NpN_p is the total number of solutions mod pp to the equation 3x3+4y3+5z3y4z=03x^3 + 4y^3 + 5z^3 - y^4z = 0.

Solution

By Dirichlet's theorem, there are infinitely many primes pp of the form 3k+23k + 2. We claim that Np=p2N_p = p^2 for all such primes pp.

Indeed, for each of the p2p^2 pairs of (y,z)(y, z) modulo pp, we need to solve
x331(4y3+5z3y4z)(modp). x^3 \equiv -3^{-1}(4y^3 + 5z^3 - y^4z) \pmod{p}.
As (p1,3)=1(p-1, 3) = 1, this equation has a unique solution in xx modulo pp. This proves Np=p2N_p = p^2.

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