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Geometry Difficulty 8.9 Shortlist Prove it Vietnam

Let ABCABC be a triangle with II as its incenter and the circle (I)(I) is tangent to BCBC, CACA, ABAB at DD, EE, FF respectively. Denote IbI_b, IcI_c as the excenters of triangle ABCABC with respect to vertices BB, CC. Let PP, QQ be the midpoints of segments IbEI_bE, IcFI_cF. Suppose that (PAC)(PAC) intersects ABAB at the second point RR and (QAB)(QAB) intersects ACAC at the second point SS.

1. Prove that PRPR, QSQS, AIAI are concurrent.

2. Suppose that DEDE, DFDF intersect IbIcI_bI_c at KK, JJ and EJEJ meets FKFK at MM. The lines PEPE, QFQF intersect (PAC)(PAC), (QAB)(QAB) at XX, YY (XX differs from PP and YY differs from QQ). Prove that BYBY, CXCX and AMAM are concurrent.

Solution

1)
Since EFEF and IbIcI_bI_c are both perpendicular to AIAI then IbIcFEI_bI_cFE is the trapezoid. So PQPQ is the midline of both trapezoid IbIcFEI_bI_cFE and triangle AEFAEF. Thus PP, QQ belong to the radical axis of the degenerate circle (AA, 00) and (I)(I). Similarly, QQ belongs to the radical axis of (BB, 00) and (I)(I). Hence, QA2=QFQY=QB2QA^2 = \overline{QF} \cdot \overline{QY} = QB^2, which implies that (QAB)(QAB) is tangent to (I)(I) at YY. Similarly, (PAC)(PAC) is also tangent to (I)(I) at XX.

Figure 1

Thus, (I)(I) is the S-Mixtilinear of triangle ASBASB then the incenter of triangle ABSABS is the midpoint NN of the segment EFEF which implies that SQSQ is the angle bisector of ASB\angle ASB and then SQSQ passes through NN. Similarly, RPRP also passes through NN. Therefore, PRPR, QSQS, AIAI are concurrent at point NN.

2)
In the circle (I)(I), the line IbIcI_bI_c is the antipole of NN then JEJE, KFKF, DNDN are concurrent at point MM that lies on circle (I)(I). We have the following theorem: (Steinbart's theorem) Let ABCABC be a triangle with (I)(I) and this circle is tangent to BCBC, CACA, ABAB at DD, EE, FF respectively. Take three points XX, YY, ZZ on the circle (I)(I), then AXAX, BYBY, CZCZ are concurrent if and only if DXDX, EYEY, FZFZ are concurrent.

By applying this, we can see that to prove three lines AMAM, BYBY, CZCZ are concurrent, we have to prove that FXFX, EYEY, DMDM are concurrent.

We have EYF=AEF=IbAC\angle EYF = \angle AEF = \angle I_bAC then quadrilateral IcAEYI_cAEY is cyclic. Similarly, the quadrilateral AIbXFAI_bXF is also cyclic. These mean points XX, YY defined above are the same as definition in problem.

Consider the transformation SS which is the union between the inversion IAABACI_A^{AB \cdot AC} and the reflection respect to the line RAIR_{AI}. We have S:(O)BCS : (O) \leftrightarrow BC, (I)(T)(I) \leftrightarrow (T) with (T)(T) is the ex-mixtilinear respect to vertex AA of triangle ABCABC. This circle is tangent to ACAC, ABAB at EE', FF' respectively then EEE \leftrightarrow E', FFF \leftrightarrow F'.

From the Sawayama's lemma, the excenter IaI_a is the midpoint of segment EFE'F'. By applying the Pappus's theorem for two tuples (Ic,A,Ib)(I_c, A, I_b) and (E,Ia,F)(E', I_a, F'), we have IbEI_bE' meets IcFI_cF' at point ZZ which belongs to BCBC.

Denote GG as the tangent point of (T)(T) with (O)(O). We already know that IaGI_aG passes through point LL, the midpoint of the arc BACBAC of circle (O)(O) which is also the midpoint of IbIcI_bI_c. But IbIcEFI_bI_c \parallel E'F' then since Thales's theorem, we have LL, ZZ, GG, IaI_a are collinear.

Figure 2

We have S:EIb(IcAE)S: E'I_b \leftrightarrow (I_cAE), FIc(IbAF)F'I_c \leftrightarrow (I_bAF), DGD \leftrightarrow G, IIaI \leftrightarrow I_a then GIa(AID)GI_a \leftrightarrow (AID). Since EIbE'I_b, FIcF'I_c, IaGI_aG are concurrent then circles
(AIcE),(AIbF),(AID) (AI_cE), (AI_bF), (AID)
are coaxial. We have NMND=NENF=NANI\overline{NM} \cdot \overline{ND} = \overline{NE} \cdot \overline{NF} = \overline{NA} \cdot \overline{NI} then AMIDAMID is cyclic. Consider the radical axis of three circles (I)(I), (IcAE)(I_cAE), (IbAF)(I_bAF), we have EYEY cuts FXFX at UU which is the radical center of these circles. Continue to consider the radical axis of three circles (I)(I), (IcAE)(I_cAE), (AID)(AID), we have MDMD cuts EYEY at UU' which is the radical center of these circles. But (AIcE)(AI_cE), (AIbF)(AI_bF), (AID)(AID) are coaxial, which implies that UUU \equiv U'.

Therefore, three lines MDMD, EYEY, FXFX are concurrent at UU. The problem is solved completely. ■

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