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Algebra Difficulty 5.5 AIME, harder Prove it Philippines

Problem:

The quartic (4th-degree) polynomial P(x)P(x) satisfies P(1)=0P(1)=0 and attains its maximum value of 33 at both x=2x=2 and x=3x=3. Compute P(5)P(5).

Solution

Solution:

Consider the polynomial Q(x)=P(x)3Q(x) = P(x) - 3. Then Q(x)Q(x) has zeros and maximum value 00 at x=2,3x=2, 3. These conditions imply that Q(x)Q(x) has the form
Q(x)=A(x2)2(x3)2 Q(x) = A(x-2)^2(x-3)^2
That is, its graph looks like

Figure 1

because the values of Q(x)Q(x) should grow larger and larger through negative values as the variable xx goes to larger and larger values of both signs and the fact that the number of turning points should not exceed 41=34-1=3 but should be more than 22 (given by the maximum points).

Thus, Q(1)=P(1)3=03=3Q(1) = P(1) - 3 = 0 - 3 = -3 implies
Q(1)=A(12)2(13)2=A(1)2(4)=4A=3 Q(1) = A(1-2)^2(1-3)^2 = A(1)^2(4) = 4A = -3
So A=34A = -\frac{3}{4}.

Therefore,
Q(x)=34(x2)2(x3)2 Q(x) = -\frac{3}{4}(x-2)^2(x-3)^2
So
P(x)=Q(x)+3=34(x2)2(x3)2+3 P(x) = Q(x) + 3 = -\frac{3}{4}(x-2)^2(x-3)^2 + 3
Now, compute P(5)P(5):

First, (52)2=9(5-2)^2 = 9, (53)2=4(5-3)^2 = 4.
So
P(5)=3494+3=3436+3=27+3=24 P(5) = -\frac{3}{4} \cdot 9 \cdot 4 + 3 = -\frac{3}{4} \cdot 36 + 3 = -27 + 3 = -24

Therefore, P(5)=24P(5) = -24.

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Source: MathNet, licensed CC-BY-4.0. Statement reproduced verbatim; metadata (topic, difficulty) added by this project.