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Number theory Difficulty 3.9 AMC 10/12 Prove it Turkey

Find all pairs (m,n)(m, n) of positive integers such that both
3n2mandn2+m \frac{3n^2}{m} \quad \text{and} \quad \sqrt{n^2 + m}
are integers.

Solution

Answer: All pairs (3n2,n)(3n^2, n), where nn is a positive integer.

Let k=3n2mk = \frac{3n^2}{m} and n2+m=nk+3k\sqrt{n^2+m} = \frac{n\sqrt{k+3}}{\sqrt{k}} both should be integers. Since kk is integer, nk+3kk=nk(k+3)\frac{n\sqrt{k+3}}{\sqrt{k}} \cdot k = n\sqrt{k(k+3)} is also integer. Therefore, k(k+3)k(k+3) is a perfect square. If k>1k > 1, then since
(k+1)2=k2+2k+1<k(k+3)<k2+4k+4=(k+2)2 (k+1)^2 = k^2 + 2k + 1 < k(k+3) < k^2 + 4k + 4 = (k+2)^2
k(k+3)k(k+3) is not a perfect square. If k=1k=1 then n2+m=4n2=2n\sqrt{n^2+m} = \sqrt{4n^2} = 2n is an integer number. Thus, only solutions are all pairs (m,n)=(3n2,n)(m, n) = (3n^2, n), where nn is a positive integer.

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Source: MathNet, licensed CC-BY-4.0. Statement reproduced verbatim; metadata (topic, difficulty) added by this project.