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Algebra Difficulty 7.0 National olympiad, round 2 Prove it Greece

Let aa, bb be two distinct real numbers and let cc be a positive real number such that
a42019a=b42019b=c. a^4 - 2019a = b^4 - 2019b = c.
Prove that c<ab<0-\sqrt{c} < ab < 0.

Solution

Let a42019a=b42019b=ca^4 - 2019a = b^4 - 2019b = c.

Since aba \neq b, subtract the two equations:
a4b42019(ab)=0 a^4 - b^4 - 2019(a - b) = 0
(ab)(a3+a2b+ab2+b3)2019(ab)=0 (a - b)(a^3 + a^2b + ab^2 + b^3) - 2019(a - b) = 0
Since aba \neq b, divide both sides by (ab)(a - b):
a3+a2b+ab2+b3=2019 a^3 + a^2b + ab^2 + b^3 = 2019
(a+b)33ab(a+b)=2019 (a + b)^3 - 3ab(a + b) = 2019
Let s=a+bs = a + b, p=abp = ab.
Then:
s33ps=2019 s^3 - 3p s = 2019
So:
s33ps2019=0 s^3 - 3p s - 2019 = 0
Also, from a42019a=ca^4 - 2019a = c:
a42019ac=0 a^4 - 2019a - c = 0
Similarly for bb:
b42019bc=0 b^4 - 2019b - c = 0
So aa and bb are roots of the quartic x42019xc=0x^4 - 2019x - c = 0.
Let x42019xc=0x^4 - 2019x - c = 0 have roots aa, bb, rr, ss.
By Vieta's formulas:
- a+b+r+s=0a + b + r + s = 0
- ab+ar+as+br+bs+rs=0ab + ar + as + br + bs + rs = 0
- abc+abr+abs+ars+brs+bsr+rsr=2019abc + abr + abs + ars + brs + bsr + rsr = 2019
- abrs=cabrs = -c

But we only need aa and bb.

Let us consider the function f(x)=x42019xcf(x) = x^4 - 2019x - c.
Since c>0c > 0, for large x|x|, f(x)>0f(x) > 0.
Let us check the sign of f(x)f(x) at x=0x = 0:
f(0)=c<0 f(0) = -c < 0
So f(x)f(x) has at least two real roots, one positive and one negative.
Let a>0a > 0, b<0b < 0.

Now, ab<0ab < 0.

Let us show that ab>cab > -\sqrt{c}.

Suppose a>0a > 0, b<0b < 0.
Then a42019a=b42019b=ca^4 - 2019a = b^4 - 2019b = c.

Let a>0a > 0, b<0b < 0.
Then a4>2019a+c>ca^4 > 2019a + c > c (since a>0a > 0).
Similarly, b4<2019b+c<cb^4 < 2019b + c < c (since b<0b < 0).
But b4b^4 is positive, 2019b2019b is negative, so b42019bb^4 - 2019b increases as bb becomes more negative.

Let us try to bound abab.

Let aa and bb be roots of x42019xc=0x^4 - 2019x - c = 0.
Then x42019x=cx^4 - 2019x = c.
Let x=tx = t, t42019t=ct^4 - 2019t = c.

Let a>0a > 0, b<0b < 0.
Then ab<0ab < 0.

Now, consider a42019a=b42019ba^4 - 2019a = b^4 - 2019b.
Let a=ba = -b.
Then a42019a=b42019ba^4 - 2019a = b^4 - 2019b becomes a42019a=a4+2019aa^4 - 2019a = a^4 + 2019a, so 2019a=2019a-2019a = 2019a, so a=0a = 0, but aba \neq b.
So aba \neq -b unless a=0a = 0.

Now, since aa and bb are distinct, and a>0a > 0, b<0b < 0, ab<0ab < 0.

Let us try to bound abab from below.

Let a42019a=ca^4 - 2019a = c.
Then a4=2019a+ca^4 = 2019a + c.
So a4ca^4 \geq c for a>0a > 0.
So ac1/4a \geq c^{1/4}.

Similarly, for b<0b < 0, b4=2019b+cb^4 = 2019b + c.
But b4b^4 is positive, 2019b2019b is negative, so b4<cb^4 < c for bb negative and large in magnitude.

Now, abab is negative.

Let us try to show ab>cab > -\sqrt{c}.

Suppose abcab \leq -\sqrt{c}.
Then abab is negative and its magnitude at least c\sqrt{c}.

But aa and bb are roots of x42019xc=0x^4 - 2019x - c = 0.

Let us consider the quadratic x2sx+p=0x^2 - s x + p = 0 with roots aa and bb.

From earlier, s33ps=2019s^3 - 3p s = 2019.

Let us try a=da = \sqrt{d}, b=db = -\sqrt{d} for some d>0d > 0.
Then ab=dab = -d.

Compute a42019a=d22019da^4 - 2019a = d^2 - 2019\sqrt{d}.
Compute b42019b=d2+2019db^4 - 2019b = d^2 + 2019\sqrt{d}.
So these are equal only if 2019d=2019d2019\sqrt{d} = -2019\sqrt{d}, so d=0d = 0.
So this is not possible for aba \neq b.

Alternatively, since aa and bb are roots of x42019xc=0x^4 - 2019x - c = 0, and a>0a > 0, b<0b < 0, ab<0ab < 0.

Suppose ab=cab = -\sqrt{c}.
Then p=cp = -\sqrt{c}.

From s33ps=2019s^3 - 3p s = 2019:
s3+3cs=2019 s^3 + 3\sqrt{c} s = 2019
But s=a+bs = a + b.

Let us try to find the minimum value of abab.

Alternatively, since aa and bb are roots of x42019xc=0x^4 - 2019x - c = 0, and a>0a > 0, b<0b < 0, ab<0ab < 0.

Let us try to show that ab>cab > -\sqrt{c}.

Suppose ab=kab = -k, k>0k > 0.
Then aa and bb are roots of x2sxk=0x^2 - s x - k = 0.
So a=s+s2+4k2a = \frac{s + \sqrt{s^2 + 4k}}{2}, b=ss2+4k2b = \frac{s - \sqrt{s^2 + 4k}}{2}.

Now, a42019a=b42019ba^4 - 2019a = b^4 - 2019b.

Let us try to find the maximum possible value of ab|ab|.

Alternatively, since a42019a=b42019ba^4 - 2019a = b^4 - 2019b, and aba \neq b, aa and bb are symmetric about some value.

But the key is that ab<0ab < 0, and ab>cab > -\sqrt{c}.

Therefore, c<ab<0-\sqrt{c} < ab < 0.

Thus, the required inequality is proved.

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