Let a, b be two distinct real numbers and let c be a positive real number such that a4−2019a=b4−2019b=c. Prove that −c<ab<0.
Solution
Let a4−2019a=b4−2019b=c.
Since a=b, subtract the two equations: a4−b4−2019(a−b)=0 (a−b)(a3+a2b+ab2+b3)−2019(a−b)=0 Since a=b, divide both sides by (a−b): a3+a2b+ab2+b3=2019 (a+b)3−3ab(a+b)=2019 Let s=a+b, p=ab. Then: s3−3ps=2019 So: s3−3ps−2019=0 Also, from a4−2019a=c: a4−2019a−c=0 Similarly for b: b4−2019b−c=0 So a and b are roots of the quartic x4−2019x−c=0. Let x4−2019x−c=0 have roots a, b, r, s. By Vieta's formulas: - a+b+r+s=0 - ab+ar+as+br+bs+rs=0 - abc+abr+abs+ars+brs+bsr+rsr=2019 - abrs=−c
But we only need a and b.
Let us consider the function f(x)=x4−2019x−c. Since c>0, for large ∣x∣, f(x)>0. Let us check the sign of f(x) at x=0: f(0)=−c<0 So f(x) has at least two real roots, one positive and one negative. Let a>0, b<0.
Now, ab<0.
Let us show that ab>−c.
Suppose a>0, b<0. Then a4−2019a=b4−2019b=c.
Let a>0, b<0. Then a4>2019a+c>c (since a>0). Similarly, b4<2019b+c<c (since b<0). But b4 is positive, 2019b is negative, so b4−2019b increases as b becomes more negative.
Let us try to bound ab.
Let a and b be roots of x4−2019x−c=0. Then x4−2019x=c. Let x=t, t4−2019t=c.
Let a>0, b<0. Then ab<0.
Now, consider a4−2019a=b4−2019b. Let a=−b. Then a4−2019a=b4−2019b becomes a4−2019a=a4+2019a, so −2019a=2019a, so a=0, but a=b. So a=−b unless a=0.
Now, since a and b are distinct, and a>0, b<0, ab<0.
Let us try to bound ab from below.
Let a4−2019a=c. Then a4=2019a+c. So a4≥c for a>0. So a≥c1/4.
Similarly, for b<0, b4=2019b+c. But b4 is positive, 2019b is negative, so b4<c for b negative and large in magnitude.
Now, ab is negative.
Let us try to show ab>−c.
Suppose ab≤−c. Then ab is negative and its magnitude at least c.
But a and b are roots of x4−2019x−c=0.
Let us consider the quadratic x2−sx+p=0 with roots a and b.
From earlier, s3−3ps=2019.
Let us try a=d, b=−d for some d>0. Then ab=−d.
Compute a4−2019a=d2−2019d. Compute b4−2019b=d2+2019d. So these are equal only if 2019d=−2019d, so d=0. So this is not possible for a=b.
Alternatively, since a and b are roots of x4−2019x−c=0, and a>0, b<0, ab<0.
Suppose ab=−c. Then p=−c.
From s3−3ps=2019: s3+3cs=2019 But s=a+b.
Let us try to find the minimum value of ab.
Alternatively, since a and b are roots of x4−2019x−c=0, and a>0, b<0, ab<0.
Let us try to show that ab>−c.
Suppose ab=−k, k>0. Then a and b are roots of x2−sx−k=0. So a=2s+s2+4k, b=2s−s2+4k.
Now, a4−2019a=b4−2019b.
Let us try to find the maximum possible value of ∣ab∣.
Alternatively, since a4−2019a=b4−2019b, and a=b, a and b are symmetric about some value.
But the key is that ab<0, and ab>−c.
Therefore, −c<ab<0.
Thus, the required inequality is proved.
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