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Algebra Difficulty 5.4 AIME, harder Prove it Soviet Union

Problem:
Find the minimum value of xyz+yzx+zxy\dfrac{xy}{z} + \dfrac{yz}{x} + \dfrac{zx}{y} for positive reals xx, yy, zz with x2+y2+z2=1x^2 + y^2 + z^2 = 1.

Solution

Solution:
Answer: min 3\sqrt{3} when all equal.

Let us consider zz to be fixed and focus on xx and yy. Put f(x,y,z)=xyz+yzx+zxyf(x, y, z) = \dfrac{xy}{z} + \dfrac{yz}{x} + \dfrac{zx}{y}. We have f(x,y,z)=pz+z(1z2)p=p+k2/pzf(x, y, z) = \dfrac{p}{z} + \dfrac{z(1 - z^2)}{p} = \dfrac{p + k^2 / p}{z}, where p=xyp = xy, and k=z1z2k = z\sqrt{1 - z^2}. Now pp can take any value in the range 0<p(1z2)/20 < p \leq (1 - z^2)/2. The upper limit is achieved when x=yx = y.

We have p+k2/p=(pk)2pp + k^2 / p = \dfrac{(p - k)^2}{p}. For pkp \leq k, (pk)(p - k) and 1/p1/p are both decreasing functions of pp, so p+k2/pp + k^2 / p is a decreasing function of pp. Thus if pp is restricted to the interval (0,h](0, h], then for khk \leq h the minimum value of p+k2/pp + k^2 / p is 2k2k and occurs at p=kp = k. For khk \geq h the minimum is h+k2/hh + k^2 / h and occurs at p=hp = h.

We have h=(1z2)/2h = (1 - z^2)/2, k=z1z2k = z\sqrt{1 - z^2}. So khk \leq h iff z1/5z \leq 1/\sqrt{5}. So if z1/5z \leq 1/\sqrt{5}, then f(x,y,z)2k/z=21z2211/5=4/5>3f(x, y, z) \geq 2k / z = 2\sqrt{1 - z^2} \geq 2\sqrt{1 - 1/5} = 4/\sqrt{5} > \sqrt{3}.

If z>1/5z > 1/\sqrt{5}, then the minimum of f(x,y,z)f(x, y, z) occurs at x=yx = y and is x2/z+z+z=(1z2)/(2z)+2z=3z/2+1/(2z)=(3/2)(z3+1/(z3))3x^2 / z + z + z = (1 - z^2)/(2z) + 2z = 3z/2 + 1/(2z) = (\sqrt{3}/2)(z\sqrt{3} + 1/(z\sqrt{3})) \geq \sqrt{3} with equality at z=1/3z = 1/\sqrt{3} (and hence x=y=1/3x = y = 1/\sqrt{3} also).

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Source: MathNet, licensed CC-BY-4.0. Statement reproduced verbatim; metadata (topic, difficulty) added by this project.