Maths Olympiad Prep

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Number theory Difficulty 5.8 AIME, harder Prove it Ireland

Find the smallest positive integer NN for which the equation
(x21)(y21)(z21)=N(x^2 - 1)(y^2 - 1)(z^2 - 1) = N
has at least two different integer solutions (x,y,z)(x, y, z) satisfying 1<xyz1 < x \le y \le z.

Solution

Let us first determine the smallest possible NN for which we find two solutions of the form (2,y,z)(2, y, z). If we let M=N/3M = N/3, this amounts to finding the smallest possible positive integer MM for which the equation (y21)(z21)=M(y^2 - 1)(z^2 - 1) = M has at least two solutions with 2yz2 \le y \le z. This is solved in problem 15, where it is shown that the smallest MM is equal to 360360. Therefore, we find two solutions (2,4,5)(2, 4, 5) and (2,2,11)(2, 2, 11) for N=3360=1080N = 3 \cdot 360 = 1080.
The smallest value the expression (x21)(y21)(z21)(x^2-1)(y^2-1)(z^2-1) can have if 3xyz3 \le x \le y \le z is 83=5128^3 = 512. But this happens only if x=y=z=3x = y = z = 3. If z4z \ge 4, the least value will be 8215=9608^2 \cdot 15 = 960, only occurring for (x,y,z)=(3,3,4)(x, y, z) = (3, 3, 4). If z5z \ge 5 or y4y \ge 4, we obtain at least 8224=1536>10808^2 \cdot 24 = 1536 > 1080 or 8152=1800>10808 \cdot 15^2 = 1800 > 1080, respectively.
Because 512512 is not divisible by 33, there cannot exist a solution of the form (2,y,z)(2, y, z) for N=512N = 512.
Finally, if N=960N = 960 and x=2x = 2, we have to solve (y21)(z21)=320=265(y^2-1)(z^2-1) = 320 = 2^6 \cdot 5. Because 3120>3203 \cdot 120 > 320, we have 2yz102 \le y \le z \le 10. A look at the first table in the solution of problem 4 shows that the only numbers of the form x21x^2 - 1 for x10x \le 10, which have 22 and 55 as its only prime factors, are 88 and 8080. But 8803208 \cdot 80 \ne 320 and so for N=960N = 960 we cannot find two different solutions. This proves that N=1080N = 1080 is the desired minimal value.

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Source: MathNet, licensed CC-BY-4.0. Statement reproduced verbatim; metadata (topic, difficulty) added by this project.