Find the smallest positive integer for which the equation
has at least two different integer solutions satisfying .
Solution
Let us first determine the smallest possible for which we find two solutions of the form . If we let , this amounts to finding the smallest possible positive integer for which the equation has at least two solutions with . This is solved in problem 15, where it is shown that the smallest is equal to . Therefore, we find two solutions and for .
The smallest value the expression can have if is . But this happens only if . If , the least value will be , only occurring for . If or , we obtain at least or , respectively.
Because is not divisible by , there cannot exist a solution of the form for .
Finally, if and , we have to solve . Because , we have . A look at the first table in the solution of problem 4 shows that the only numbers of the form for , which have and as its only prime factors, are and . But and so for we cannot find two different solutions. This proves that is the desired minimal value.