Maths Olympiad Prep

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Geometry Difficulty 5.7 AIME, harder Prove it United States

Problem:

Circles k1k_{1}, k2k_{2}, k3k_{3} intersect as follows: k1k2={A,D}k_{1} \cap k_{2} = \{A, D\}, k1k3={B,E}k_{1} \cap k_{3} = \{B, E\}, k2k3={C,F}k_{2} \cap k_{3} = \{C, F\}. Also, ABCDEFA B C D E F is a non-self-intersecting hexagon. Prove that
ABCDEF=BCDEFA. A B \cdot C D \cdot E F = B C \cdot D E \cdot F A.
(Hint: first prove that ADA D, BEB E, CFC F meet at some point OO.)

Solution

Solution:

We take the hint. This statement is actually the "Radical Axis Theorem." To prove it, we let O1O_{1}, O2O_{2}, O3O_{3} be the centers of the circles and r1r_{1}, r2r_{2}, r3r_{3} their respective radii. We shall consider the set of points PP satisfying PO12PO22=r12r22P O_{1}^{2} - P O_{2}^{2} = r_{1}^{2} - r_{2}^{2}. For any PP, let QQ be the foot of the perpendicular from PP to O1O2O_{1} O_{2}, and use directed distances on line O1O2O_{1} O_{2} (i.e. distances may be positive or negative according to the order of the points). Then, PO12PO22P O_{1}^{2} - P O_{2}^{2} equals
(PQ2+QO12)(PQ2+QO22)=QO12QO22=(QO1QO2)(QO1+QO2)=O2O1(O2O1+2QO2), \left(P Q^{2} + Q O_{1}^{2}\right) - \left(P Q^{2} + Q O_{2}^{2}\right) = Q O_{1}^{2} - Q O_{2}^{2} = \left(Q O_{1} - Q O_{2}\right)\left(Q O_{1} + Q O_{2}\right) = O_{2} O_{1}\left(O_{2} O_{1} + 2 Q O_{2}\right),
a linear function of QQ; hence there is exactly one position of QQ for which PO12PO22=r12r22P O_{1}^{2} - P O_{2}^{2} = r_{1}^{2} - r_{2}^{2}, and the desired set of PP is a line perpendicular to O1O2O_{1} O_{2} and passing through this QQ. But, since AO1=r1A O_{1} = r_{1}, AO2=r2A O_{2} = r_{2}, we see that AA lies on this line; similarly, so does DD. So the line is line ADA D; i.e. PO12PO22=r12r22P O_{1}^{2} - P O_{2}^{2} = r_{1}^{2} - r_{2}^{2} iff PP is on line ADA D. Likewise, one sees that PO12PO32=r12r32P O_{1}^{2} - P O_{3}^{2} = r_{1}^{2} - r_{3}^{2} iff PP is on line BEB E, and PO22PO32=r22r32P O_{2}^{2} - P O_{3}^{2} = r_{2}^{2} - r_{3}^{2} iff PP is on line CFC F. But then, if we take PP to be the intersection of ADA D and CFC F, we have PO12PO32=(PO12PO22)+(PO22PO32)=(r12r22)+(r22r32)=r12r32P O_{1}^{2} - P O_{3}^{2} = \left(P O_{1}^{2} - P O_{2}^{2}\right) + \left(P O_{2}^{2} - P O_{3}^{2}\right) = \left(r_{1}^{2} - r_{2}^{2}\right) + \left(r_{2}^{2} - r_{3}^{2}\right) = r_{1}^{2} - r_{3}^{2}, so PP lies on BEB E. Thus, ADA D, BEB E, CFC F are concurrent.

Now the quadrilateral ABDEA B D E is cyclic with diagonals meeting at OO, so triangles ABOA B O, EDOE D O are similar and AB/DE=BO/ODA B / D E = B O / O D. Similarly, using two other quadrilaterals, we find that CD/FA=DO/OFC D / F A = D O / O F, EF/BC=FO/OBE F / B C = F O / O B. Multiplying together gives
ABCDEFDEFABC=BODODOFOFOBO=1, \frac{A B \cdot C D \cdot E F}{D E \cdot F A \cdot B C} = \frac{B O}{D O} \cdot \frac{D O}{F O} \cdot \frac{F O}{B O} = 1,
which is what we need.

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Source: MathNet, licensed CC-BY-4.0. Statement reproduced verbatim; metadata (topic, difficulty) added by this project.