, 2023

Solution:
We first consider which integers can divide a polynomial $P_{i}(x)$ for all $x$. Assume that $c \mid P_{i}(x)$ for all $x$. Then, $c$ must also divide the finite difference $Q(x) = Q_{i}(x+1) - Q_{i}(x)$. Since $Q_{i}(x)$ is degree $13$ and monic, the leading term of $Q(x)$ is the leading term of $(x+1)^{13} - x^{13}$, which is $13 x^{12}$. Continuing this process finding finite differences, we see that $c$ must divide $R(x) = Q(x+1) - Q(x)$, which has a leading term $13 \cdot 12 x^{11}$. At the end, we will see that $c \mid 13!$, so these are the only possible values of $c$.

To show that all of these values of $c$ work, consider the polynomial $P_{i}(x) = x(x+1) \cdots (x+12) + c$. It can be easily seen that the product of thirteen consecutive integers is always divisible by $13!$, so this polynomial is always divisible by $c$ and nothing more, as $P_{i}(0) = c$.

Now, we find the maximum possible value of $k$. Note that if two polynomials have values of $n_{i}$ and $n_{j}$, we cannot have $n_{i} \mid n_{j}$ since then $n_{i} \mid P_{j}(x)$ for all $x$. Hence, we wish to find as many values of $c \mid 13!$ as possible that do not divide each other.

We prime factorize $13! = 2^{10} \cdot 3^{5} \cdot 5^{2} \cdot 7 \cdot 11 \cdot 13$. We claim that the maximum number of polynomials is $k = 144$. This is a maximum since there are $6 \cdot 3 \cdot 2 \cdot 2 \cdot 2 = 144$ odd factors of $13!$; and if two values $n_{i}$ and $n_{j}$ have the same odd component by the Pigeonhole Principle, then either $\frac{n_{i}}{n_{j}}$ or $\frac{n_{j}}{n_{i}}$ is a power of $2$. In addition, $k = 144$ is attainable by taking $2^{a} \cdot 3^{b} \cdot 5^{c} \cdot 7^{d} \cdot 11^{e} \cdot 13^{f}$ for $a + b + c + d + e + f = 10$, in which there is exactly one solution for $a$ for each of the $144$ valid quintuples $(b, c, d, e, f)$. Hence, $k = 144$ is the maximum.