Maths Olympiad Prep

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Combinatorics Difficulty 5.4 AIME, harder Prove it United States

Problem:

Each square in a 3×103 \times 10 grid is colored black or white. Let NN be the number of ways this can be done in such a way that no five squares in an 'X' configuration (as shown by the black squares below) are all white or all black. Determine N\sqrt{N}.

Figure 1

Solution

Solution:

Note that we may label half of the cells in our board the number 00 and the other half 11, in such a way that squares labeled 00 are adjacent only to squares labeled 11 and vice versa. In other words, we make this labeling in a 'checkerboard' pattern. Since cells in an 'X' formation are all labeled with the same number, the number of ways to color the cells labeled 00 is N\sqrt{N}, and the same is true of coloring the cells labeled 11.

Let a2na_{2n} be the number of ways to color the squares labeled 00 in a 33 by 2n2n grid without a monochromatic 'X' formation; we want to find a10a_{10}. Without loss of generality, let the rightmost column of our grid have two cells labeled 00. Let b2nb_{2n} be the number of such colorings on a 33 by 2n2n grid which do not have two black squares in the rightmost column and do not contain a monochromatic 'X', which we note is also the number of such colorings which do not have two white squares in the rightmost column.

Now, we will establish a recursion on a2na_{2n} and b2nb_{2n}. We have two cases:

- Case 1: All three squares in the last two columns are the same color. For a2na_{2n}, there are 22 ways to color these last three squares, and for b2nb_{2n} there is 11 way to color them. Then, we see that there are b2n2b_{2n-2} ways to color the remaining 2n22n-2 columns.

- Case 2: The last three squares are not all the same color. For a2na_{2n}, there are 66 ways to color the last three squares, and for b2nb_{2n} there are 55 ways to color them. Then, there are a2n2a_{2n-2} ways to color the remaining 2n22n-2 columns.

Consequently, we get the recursions a2n=6a2n2+2b2n2a_{2n} = 6 a_{2n-2} + 2 b_{2n-2} and b2n=5a2n2+b2n2b_{2n} = 5 a_{2n-2} + b_{2n-2}. From the first equation, we get that b2n=12a2n+23a2nb_{2n} = \frac{1}{2} a_{2n+2} - 3 a_{2n}. Plugging this into the second equation results in the recursion

12a2n+23a2n=5a2n2+12a2n3a2n2a2n+2=7a2n+4a2n2 \frac{1}{2} a_{2n+2} - 3 a_{2n} = 5 a_{2n-2} + \frac{1}{2} a_{2n} - 3 a_{2n-2} \Rightarrow a_{2n+2} = 7 a_{2n} + 4 a_{2n-2}

Now, we can easily see that a0=1a_0 = 1 and a2=23=8a_2 = 2^3 = 8, so we compute a10=25636a_{10} = 25636.

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Source: MathNet, licensed CC-BY-4.0. Statement reproduced verbatim; metadata (topic, difficulty) added by this project.