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Number theory Difficulty 6.5 National Olympiad Prove it Belarus

For two positive integers aa and bb the number a.b\overline{a.b} is equal to the decimal fraction which we have if after the number aa we put the decimal point and then write the number bb. For example, for a=20,b=13a = 20, b = 13 we get a.b=20.13\overline{a.b} = 20.13, and b.a=13.2\overline{b.a} = 13.2.
Prove that there are infinite number of natural nn, such that the equation a,bb,a=n\overline{a, b} \cdot \overline{b, a} = n has no positive integer roots aa and bb.

Solution

Show that if n=9k±3n = 9k \pm 3, kNk \in \mathbb{N}, then the given equation has no natural solutions.
Let the decimal representations of aa and bb consist of mm and ll digits respectively. Then the initial equation is equivalent to the equation
(a+b10l)(b+a10m)=9k±3orab+ab10m+l+a210m+b210l=9k±3, \left(a + \frac{b}{10^l}\right) \left(b + \frac{a}{10^m}\right) = 9k \pm 3 \quad \text{or} \quad ab + \frac{ab}{10^{m+l}} + \frac{a^2}{10^m} + \frac{b^2}{10^l} = 9k \pm 3,
i. e.
10m+lab+ab+a210l+b210m=10m+l(9k±3).() 10^{m+l}ab + ab + a^2 10^l + b^2 10^m = 10^{m+l} \cdot (9k \pm 3). \quad (*)
Since 10t1=99t times10^t - 1 = \underbrace{9\dots9}_{t \text{ times}} for any positive integer tt, i. e. 10t=9A+110^t = 9A + 1 for some positive integer AA, we can replace all powers of 10 in (*) by their presentations, then we obtain
(9A1+1)ab+ab+(9A2+1)a2+(9A3+1)b2=(9A4+1)(9k±3) (9A_1 + 1)ab + ab + (9A_2 + 1)a^2 + (9A_3 + 1)b^2 = (9A_4 + 1) \cdot (9k \pm 3)
or (a+b)2=9B±3(a+b)^2 = 9B \pm 3 for some positive integer BB. But this equality is impossible because the left hand side of it is the square number and the left hand side is a number which is divisible by 3 but is not divisible by 9.

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