Number theoryDifficulty 6.5National OlympiadProve itBelarus
For two positive integers a and b the number a.b is equal to the decimal fraction which we have if after the number a we put the decimal point and then write the number b. For example, for a=20,b=13 we get a.b=20.13, and b.a=13.2. Prove that there are infinite number of natural n, such that the equation a,b⋅b,a=n has no positive integer roots a and b.
Solution
Show that if n=9k±3, k∈N, then the given equation has no natural solutions. Let the decimal representations of a and b consist of m and l digits respectively. Then the initial equation is equivalent to the equation (a+10lb)(b+10ma)=9k±3orab+10m+lab+10ma2+10lb2=9k±3, i. e. 10m+lab+ab+a210l+b210m=10m+l⋅(9k±3).(∗) Since 10t−1=t times9…9 for any positive integer t, i. e. 10t=9A+1 for some positive integer A, we can replace all powers of 10 in (*) by their presentations, then we obtain (9A1+1)ab+ab+(9A2+1)a2+(9A3+1)b2=(9A4+1)⋅(9k±3) or (a+b)2=9B±3 for some positive integer B. But this equality is impossible because the left hand side of it is the square number and the left hand side is a number which is divisible by 3 but is not divisible by 9.
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