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Algebra Difficulty 6.2 National olympiad Prove it Bulgaria

Let aa, bb and cc be real numbers such that a+b+c=0a + b + c = 0 and a4+b4+c4=50a^4 + b^4 + c^4 = 50. Find ab+bc+caab + bc + ca.

Solution

Let a+b+c=0a + b + c = 0. Then c=abc = -a - b.

Substitute into a4+b4+c4a^4 + b^4 + c^4:
a4+b4+(ab)4=50 a^4 + b^4 + (-a - b)^4 = 50
Expand (ab)4(-a - b)^4:
(ab)4=(a+b)4=a4+4a3b+6a2b2+4ab3+b4 (-a - b)^4 = (a + b)^4 = a^4 + 4a^3b + 6a^2b^2 + 4ab^3 + b^4
So:
a4+b4+[a4+4a3b+6a2b2+4ab3+b4]=50 a^4 + b^4 + [a^4 + 4a^3b + 6a^2b^2 + 4ab^3 + b^4] = 50
2a4+2b4+4a3b+4ab3+6a2b2=50 2a^4 + 2b^4 + 4a^3b + 4ab^3 + 6a^2b^2 = 50
Group terms:
2(a4+b4)+4(a3b+ab3)+6a2b2=50 2(a^4 + b^4) + 4(a^3b + ab^3) + 6a^2b^2 = 50
Note that a3b+ab3=ab(a2+b2)a^3b + ab^3 = ab(a^2 + b^2).

Let s=a+bs = a + b, p=abp = ab.
Since a+b+c=0a + b + c = 0, c=sc = -s.

Now, a2+b2=(a+b)22ab=s22pa^2 + b^2 = (a + b)^2 - 2ab = s^2 - 2p.

Also, a4+b4=(a2)2+(b2)2=[a2+b2]22a2b2=(s22p)22p2a^4 + b^4 = (a^2)^2 + (b^2)^2 = [a^2 + b^2]^2 - 2a^2b^2 = (s^2 - 2p)^2 - 2p^2.

a2b2=(ab)2=p2a^2b^2 = (ab)^2 = p^2.

Substitute into the equation:
2[(s22p)22p2]+4p(s22p)+6p2=50 2[(s^2 - 2p)^2 - 2p^2] + 4p(s^2 - 2p) + 6p^2 = 50
Expand (s22p)2(s^2 - 2p)^2:
(s22p)2=s44s2p+4p2 (s^2 - 2p)^2 = s^4 - 4s^2p + 4p^2
So:
2[s44s2p+4p22p2]+4p(s22p)+6p2=50 2[s^4 - 4s^2p + 4p^2 - 2p^2] + 4p(s^2 - 2p) + 6p^2 = 50
2[s44s2p+2p2]+4ps28p2+6p2=50 2[s^4 - 4s^2p + 2p^2] + 4ps^2 - 8p^2 + 6p^2 = 50
2s48s2p+4p2+4ps28p2+6p2=50 2s^4 - 8s^2p + 4p^2 + 4ps^2 - 8p^2 + 6p^2 = 50
2s48s2p+4ps2+(4p28p2+6p2)=50 2s^4 - 8s^2p + 4ps^2 + (4p^2 - 8p^2 + 6p^2) = 50
2s48s2p+4ps2+2p2=50 2s^4 - 8s^2p + 4ps^2 + 2p^2 = 50
Recall s=a+bs = a + b, but a+b+c=0a + b + c = 0, so s=cs = -c. But aa, bb, cc are symmetric, so ss can be any real number such that a+b+c=0a + b + c = 0.

But a+b+c=0a + b + c = 0 implies s+c=0s + c = 0, so c=sc = -s.

Now, ab+bc+ca=ab+b(s)+a(s)=abbsas=abs(a+b)=abs2ab + bc + ca = ab + b(-s) + a(-s) = ab - bs - as = ab - s(a + b) = ab - s^2.
But a+b=sa + b = s, so ab+bc+ca=abs2ab + bc + ca = ab - s^2.

Let x=ab+bc+ca=abs2x = ab + bc + ca = ab - s^2.

But ab=x+s2ab = x + s^2.

Let us try to find xx.

Let us try specific values. Since a+b+c=0a + b + c = 0, let a=xa = x, b=yb = y, c=xyc = -x - y.

Then a4+b4+c4=x4+y4+(xy)4=50a^4 + b^4 + c^4 = x^4 + y^4 + (-x - y)^4 = 50.

Expand (xy)4(-x - y)^4:
(xy)4=(x+y)4=x4+4x3y+6x2y2+4xy3+y4 (-x - y)^4 = (x + y)^4 = x^4 + 4x^3y + 6x^2y^2 + 4xy^3 + y^4
So:
x4+y4+[x4+4x3y+6x2y2+4xy3+y4]=50 x^4 + y^4 + [x^4 + 4x^3y + 6x^2y^2 + 4xy^3 + y^4] = 50
2x4+2y4+4x3y+4xy3+6x2y2=50 2x^4 + 2y^4 + 4x^3y + 4xy^3 + 6x^2y^2 = 50
Let x=tx = t, y=ty = -t, c=0c = 0.
Then a+b+c=t+(t)+0=0a + b + c = t + (-t) + 0 = 0.

a4+b4+c4=t4+(t)4+04=2t4a^4 + b^4 + c^4 = t^4 + (-t)^4 + 0^4 = 2t^4.
Set 2t4=502t^4 = 50, t4=25t^4 = 25, t=±5t = \pm \sqrt{5}.

So a=5a = \sqrt{5}, b=5b = -\sqrt{5}, c=0c = 0.

Then ab+bc+ca=(5)(5)+(5)(0)+(0)(5)=5+0+0=5ab + bc + ca = (\sqrt{5})(-\sqrt{5}) + (-\sqrt{5})(0) + (0)(\sqrt{5}) = -5 + 0 + 0 = -5.

Thus, ab+bc+ca=5ab + bc + ca = -5.

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