Problem:
We have a group of kids. For each pair of kids, at least one has sent a message to the other one. For each kid , among the kids to whom has sent a message, exactly have sent a message to . How many possible two-digit values of are there?
Problem:
We have a group of kids. For each pair of kids, at least one has sent a message to the other one. For each kid , among the kids to whom has sent a message, exactly have sent a message to . How many possible two-digit values of are there?
Solution:
If the number of pairs of kids with two-way communication is , then by the given condition the total number of messages is . Thus the number of pairs of kids is . This is possible only if .
- In order to obtain , arrange the kids in a circle and let each kid send a message to the first kids to its right and hence receive a message from the first kids to its left. Thus there are exactly kids to which it has both sent and received messages.
- In order to obtain , let kid send no messages (and receive from every other kid). Arrange the remaining kids in a circle and let each kid on the circle send a message to the first kids to its right and hence receive a message from the first kids to its left. Thus there are exactly kids to which it has both sent and received messages.
There are 26 two-digit numbers with remainder 0 or 1 modulo 7. (All numbers of the form and with .)
Solution:
Suppose kid sent messages. (Guaranteed by the conditions to be a multiple of 4.) Then it received messages from the kids that it has sent a message to, and another messages from the rest of the kids. So it received a total of messages. Since the total number of messages sent is equal to the total number of messages received, we must have:
This gives from which we get as in the first solution.
We also present an alternative inductive construction (which turns out to be different from the construction in the first solution).
For the case , we start with a construction for kids, say , and another construction with 7 kids, say . We merge them by demanding that in addition, each kid sends and receives gifts according to the following table:
| Sends | Receives | |
|---|---|---|
| 0 | ||
| 1 | ||
| 2 | ||
| 3 | ||
| 4 | ||
| 5 | ||
| 6 |
For the case , we start with a construction for kids, say , and we take another 7 kids, say for which we do not yet mention how they exchange gifts. The kids exchange gifts with the kids according to the previous table. As before, each kid satisfies the conditions. We now put on a circle and demand that each of sends gifts to the next four kids on the circle and each of sends gifts to the next three kids on the circle. It is easy to check that the condition is satisfied by each as well.