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Combinatorics Difficulty 6.3 National Olympiad Prove it JBMO

Problem:

We have a group of nn kids. For each pair of kids, at least one has sent a message to the other one. For each kid AA, among the kids to whom AA has sent a message, exactly 25%25\% have sent a message to AA. How many possible two-digit values of nn are there?

Solutions — 2

Solution 1

Solution:

If the number of pairs of kids with two-way communication is kk, then by the given condition the total number of messages is 4k+4k=8k4k + 4k = 8k. Thus the number of pairs of kids is n(n1)2=7k\frac{n(n-1)}{2} = 7k. This is possible only if n0,1(mod7)n \equiv 0,1 \pmod{7}.

- In order to obtain n=7m+1n = 7m + 1, arrange the kids in a circle and let each kid send a message to the first 4m4m kids to its right and hence receive a message from the first 4m4m kids to its left. Thus there are exactly mm kids to which it has both sent and received messages.

- In order to obtain n=7mn = 7m, let kid XX send no messages (and receive from every other kid). Arrange the remaining 7m17m - 1 kids in a circle and let each kid on the circle send a message to the first 4m14m - 1 kids to its right and hence receive a message from the first 4m14m - 1 kids to its left. Thus there are exactly mm kids to which it has both sent and received messages.

There are 26 two-digit numbers with remainder 0 or 1 modulo 7. (All numbers of the form 7m7m and 7m+17m+1 with 2m142 \leqslant m \leqslant 14.)

Solution 2

Solution:

Suppose kid xix_{i} sent 4di4d_{i} messages. (Guaranteed by the conditions to be a multiple of 4.) Then it received did_{i} messages from the kids that it has sent a message to, and another n14din-1-4d_{i} messages from the rest of the kids. So it received a total of n13din-1-3d_{i} messages. Since the total number of messages sent is equal to the total number of messages received, we must have:
d1++dn=(n13d1)++(n13dn) d_{1} + \cdots + d_{n} = (n-1-3d_{1}) + \cdots + (n-1-3d_{n})
This gives 7(d1++dn)=n(n1)7(d_{1} + \cdots + d_{n}) = n(n-1) from which we get n0,1(mod7)n \equiv 0,1 \pmod{7} as in the first solution.

We also present an alternative inductive construction (which turns out to be different from the construction in the first solution).

For the case n0(mod7)n \equiv 0 \pmod{7}, we start with a construction for 7k7k kids, say x1,,x7kx_{1}, \ldots, x_{7k}, and another construction with 7 kids, say y1,,y7y_{1}, \ldots, y_{7}. We merge them by demanding that in addition, each kid xix_{i} sends and receives gifts according to the following table:

imod7i \bmod 7SendsReceives
0y1,y2,y3,y4y_{1}, y_{2}, y_{3}, y_{4}y4,y5,y6,y7y_{4}, y_{5}, y_{6}, y_{7}
1y2,y3,y4,y5y_{2}, y_{3}, y_{4}, y_{5}y5,y6,y7,y1y_{5}, y_{6}, y_{7}, y_{1}
2y3,y4,y5,y6y_{3}, y_{4}, y_{5}, y_{6}y6,y7,y1,y2y_{6}, y_{7}, y_{1}, y_{2}
3y4,y5,y6,y7y_{4}, y_{5}, y_{6}, y_{7}y7,y1,y2,y3y_{7}, y_{1}, y_{2}, y_{3}
4y5,y6,y7,y1y_{5}, y_{6}, y_{7}, y_{1}y1,y2,y3,y4y_{1}, y_{2}, y_{3}, y_{4}
5y6,y7,y1,y2y_{6}, y_{7}, y_{1}, y_{2}y2,y3,y4,y5y_{2}, y_{3}, y_{4}, y_{5}
6y7,y1,y2,y3y_{7}, y_{1}, y_{2}, y_{3}y3,y4,y5,y6y_{3}, y_{4}, y_{5}, y_{6}

So each kid xix_{i} sends an additional four messages and receives a message from only one of those four additional kids. Also, each kid yjy_{j} sends an additional 4k4k messages and receives from exactly kk of those additional kids. So this is a valid construction for 7(k+1)7(k+1) kids.

For the case n1(mod7)n \equiv 1 \pmod{7}, we start with a construction for 7k+17k+1 kids, say x1,,x7k+1x_{1}, \ldots, x_{7k+1}, and we take another 7 kids, say y1,,y7y_{1}, \ldots, y_{7} for which we do not yet mention how they exchange gifts. The kids x1,,x7k+1x_{1}, \ldots, x_{7k+1} exchange gifts with the kids y1,,y7y_{1}, \ldots, y_{7} according to the previous table. As before, each kid xix_{i} satisfies the conditions. We now put y1,,y7y_{1}, \ldots, y_{7} on a circle and demand that each of y1,,y3y_{1}, \ldots, y_{3} sends gifts to the next four kids on the circle and each of y4,,y7y_{4}, \ldots, y_{7} sends gifts to the next three kids on the circle. It is easy to check that the condition is satisfied by each yiy_{i} as well.

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Source: MathNet, licensed CC-BY-4.0. Statement reproduced verbatim; metadata (topic, difficulty) added by this project.